Isishwankathelo sogcino lwamandla orhwebo

Amandla ahlaziyekayo ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesicwangciso sexesha elide sokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Nokuba inyukliya idibana njani, imigodi yasesibhakabhakeni, kunye nophuhliso olukhulu lwemithombo yombane wamanzi engenayo indlela yorhwebo ngexesha elifutshane, amandla omoya, kunye namandla elanga ngoku yeyona mithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo ethembisayo. Sekunjalo, banqunyulwa ngumoya kunye nemithombo yokukhanya. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kuya kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwixesha elizayo. Eli nqaku kunye namanqaku alandelayo aya kubandakanya itekhnoloji enkulu yokugcina amandla orhwebo, ngakumbi ejolise kumatyala okuphunyezwa.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukwakhiwa okukhawulezayo kweenkqubo zokugcina amandla kwenze ukuba idatha yexesha elidlulileyo ingabi luncedo, "njengokugcinwa kwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo kwindawo yesibini kunye nomthamo ofakiweyo we-440MW, kunye neebhetri ze-sodium-sulfur zibekwe kwindawo yesithathu, kunye nomthamo opheleleyo. ye-440 MW. 316MW" njl. Ukongeza, iindaba zokuba uHuawei usayine iprojekthi yokugcina amandla "enkulu" yehlabathi kunye ne-1300MWh. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwedatha ekhoyo, i-1300MWh ayisiyiyo eyona projekthi ibalulekileyo yokugcina amandla kwihlabathi jikelele. Eyona projekthi inkulu yokugcina amandla yeyokugcina umpompo. Kubugcisa bokugcina amandla omzimba afana nokugcinwa kwamandla etyuwa, kwimeko yogcino lwamandla e-electrochemical, i-1300MWh ayisiyiyo eyona projekthi ibalulekileyo (isenokuba ngumba wobungakanani bamanani). Umthamo wangoku we-Moss Landing Energy Storage Centre ufikelele kwi-1600MWh (kuquka i-1200MWh kwisigaba sesibini, i-400MWh kwisigaba sesibini). Sekunjalo, ukungena kukaHuawei kuye kwabonisa imboni yokugcina amandla kwinqanaba.

Okwangoku, itekhnoloji ethengisiweyo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla okunokubakho kunokuhlelwa kwindawo yokugcina amandla ngoomatshini, ukugcinwa kwamandla ashushu, ukugcinwa kwamandla ombane, ukugcinwa kwamandla ekhemikhali, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla e-electrochemical. Ifiziksi kunye nekhemistri ziyafana, ngoko ke masizihlele ngokwendlela yokucinga yabanduleli bethu okwangoku.

1. Ukugcinwa kwamandla oomatshini / ukugcinwa kwe-thermal kunye nokugcinwa okubandayo

Ugcino olumponthiweyo:

Kukho amadama amabini aphezulu nasezantsi, ukumpompa amanzi kwidama elingaphezulu ngexesha logcino lwamandla kunye nokukhupha amanzi kwindawo esezantsi ngexesha lokuvelisa umbane. Itekhnoloji ivuthiwe. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, ubungakanani obufakelweyo behlabathi bomthamo wogcino olumpompelweyo beluzizigidi ezingama-159 zeekilowathi, zenza i-94% yomthamo opheleleyo wokugcina amandla. Kungoku nje, ilizwe lam liqalise ukusebenza ngezigidi ezingama-32.49 zeekilowathi zezikhululo zombane ezimpontshwayo; isikali esipheleleyo sezikhululo zamandla ezimpompeweyo ezisakhiwayo zizigidi ezingama-55.13 zeekilowathi. Umlinganiselo wazo zombini ezakhiweyo neziphantsi kolwakhiwo ukwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi. Umthamo ofakelweyo wesikhululo samandla sogcino lwamandla unokufikelela kumawaka eeMW, ukuveliswa kombane ngonyaka kunokufikelela kwii-kWh zeebhiliyoni ezininzi, kwaye isantya sokuqalisa esimnyama sinokuba ngokomyalelo wemizuzu embalwa. Okwangoku, esona sikhululo samandla sokugcina amandla sikhulu esisebenza eTshayina, iHebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station, inomthamo ofakelweyo oziikhilomitha eziyi-3.6 zezigidi kunye nomthamo wonyaka wokuvelisa amandla ozibhiliyoni ezi-6.6 kWh (enokuthi ifunxe i-8.8 yeebhiliyoni ze-kWh zamandla agqithisileyo, ngobuchule obumalunga nama-75%). Ixesha lokuqala elimnyama 3-5 imizuzu. Nangona ugcino olumpompelweyo lubonwa ngokubanzi luneziphene zokukhetha indawo enyiniweyo, umjikelo wotyalo-mali omde, kunye notyalo-mali olubalulekileyo, iseyeyona teknoloji ikhulileyo, eyona nkqubo ikhuselekileyo, kunye neyona ndlela yokugcina amandla exabiso liphantsi. ULawulo lweSizwe lwaMandla lukhuphe iSicwangciso soPhuhliso seXesha eliPhakathi kunye neLide lokuGcinwa kokuGcina (2021-2035).

Ngo-2025, isikali semveliso esipheleleyo sokugcinwa kompompo siya kuba ngaphezu kwe-62 yezigidi ze-kilowatts; ngo-2030, isikali esipheleleyo semveliso siya kuba malunga ne-120 yezigidi zeekilowatts; ngo-2035, imboni yogcino olupompelweyo lwanamhlanje oluhlangabezana neemfuno zomlinganiselo ophezulu kunye nophuhliso olukhulu lwamandla amatsha luya kwenziwa.

Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station-Lower Reservoir

Ugcino lwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo:

Xa umthwalo wombane uphantsi, umoya unyanzeliswa kwaye ugcinwe ngumbane (ngokuqhelekileyo ubanjwe kwimiqolomba yetyuwa engaphantsi komhlaba, imiqolomba yendalo, njl.). Xa ukusetyenziswa kombane kuphezulu, umoya woxinzelelo oluphezulu ukhululwa ukuba uqhube i-generator ukuvelisa umbane.

ugcino lwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo

Ugcino lwamandla omoya olucinezelekileyo lujongwa njengeyona teknoloji yesibini ifanelekileyo kwi-GW-isikali esikhulu sogcino lwamandla emva kogcino olumponthiweyo. Sekunjalo, inqunyelwe yimiqathango yayo yokukhetha indawo engqongqo, ixabiso eliphezulu lotyalo-mali, kunye nogcino lwamandla okusebenza kakuhle kunokugcinwa ngokumpontshwa. Phantsi, inkqubela yorhwebo yogcino lwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo iyacotha. Kude kube ngoSeptemba walo nyaka (2021), iprojekthi yokuqala yelizwe lam enkulu ecinezelekileyo yokugcina amandla omoya-Jiangsu Jintan Salt Cave Compressed Air Energy Storage National Test Demonstration Project, isandula ukuqhagamshelwa kwigridi. Umthamo ofakiweyo wesigaba sokuqala seprojekthi yi-60MW, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwamandla malunga ne-60%; umlinganiselo wokwakha wexesha elide weprojekthi uya kufikelela kwi-1000MW. Ngo-Okthobha wama-2021, inkqubo yogcino lwamandla omoya ayi-10 MW yokuqala ngokuzimeleyo ephuhliswe lilizwe lam yadityaniswa kwigridi yaseBijie, eGuizhou. Inokuthi indlela yorhwebo yogcino lwamandla omoya ocwengileyo sele iqalile, kodwa ikamva liyathembisa.

Iprojekthi yogcino lwamandla omoya eJitan.

Ugcino lwamandla etyuwa anyibilikisiweyo:

Ugcino lwamandla etyuwa anyibilikisiweyo, oludityaniswe ngokubanzi namandla ombane obushushu belanga, lugxininisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye lugcina ubushushu kwityuwa etyhidiweyo. Xa uvelisa umbane, ubushushu betyuwa obunyibilikisiweyo busetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane, kwaye uninzi lwayo luvelisa umphunga wokuqhuba ijenereyitha yomoya.

ukugcinwa kobushushu betyuwa etyhidiweyo

Bakhwaza i-Hi-Tech Dunhuang 100MW etyhidiweyo kwinqaba ye-solar thermal power station kwisikhululo samandla elanga esikhulu saseTshayina. Iprojekthi iDelingha 135 MW CSP enomthamo omkhulu ofakelweyo iqalisile ukwakhiwa. Ixesha layo lokugcina amandla linokufikelela kwiiyure ze-11. Utyalo-mali lulonke lweprojekthi yi-3.126 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Kucetywa ukuba kudityaniswe igridi ngokusesikweni phambi komhla wama-30 kuSeptemba 2022, kwaye inokuvelisa malunga nezigidi ezingama-435 kWh zombane minyaka le.

Isikhululo se-CSP saseDunhuang

Itekhnoloji yogcino lwamandla ngokwasemzimbeni ibandakanya ugcino lwamandla e-flywheel, ugcino lwamandla abandayo, njl.njl.

2. Ugcino lwamandla ombane:

I-Supercapacitor: Ilinganiselwe ngokuxinwa kwayo kwamandla aphantsi (jonga ngezantsi) kunye nokuzikhupha kakhulu, okwangoku isetyenziswa kuphela kuluhlu oluncinci lokubuyisela amandla esithuthi, ukucheba ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokuzaliswa kwentlambo. Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo yiShanghai Yangshan Deepwater Port, apho iikhreyini ezingama-23 zinempembelelo enkulu kwigridi yamandla. Ukunciphisa impembelelo ye-cranes kwigridi yamandla, i-3MW / 17.2KWh inkqubo yokugcina amandla e-supercapacitor ifakwe njengomthombo wokulondoloza, onokuqhubekayo ukubonelela ngombane we-20s.

Ugcino lwamandla eSuperconducting: alufakwanga

3. Ukugcinwa kwamandla e-Electrochemical:

Eli nqaku lihlela ugcino lwamandla e-electrochemical yorhwebo ngokwezi ndidi zilandelayo:

I-Lead-acid, iibhetri zekhabhoni

ibhetri

Iibhetri ze-Metal-ion, kuquka iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, iibhetri ze-sodium-ion, njl.

I-Metal-Sulfur/I-Oxygen/Iibhetri zoMoya eziTshajwa kwakhona

omnye

I-Lead-acid kunye ne-lead-carbon iibhetri: Njengobuchwephesha bokugcina amandla obudala, iibhetri ze-lead-asidi zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuqalisweni kwemoto, ukunikezelwa kwamandla okugcina umbane wesiseko sonxibelelwano lwezityalo zamandla onxibelelwano, njl. i-doped ngezinto zekhabhoni, ibhetri ye-lead-carbon inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ingxaki yokukhutshwa ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngokwengxelo yonyaka ka-Tianneng yowama-2020, iState Grid Zhicheng (Isikhululo seJinling) 12MW/48MWh iprojekthi yokugcina amandla ekhabhoni ehamba phambili egqitywe yinkampani sesona sikhululo samandla sokugcina amandla ekhabhoni ekhokelayo kwiPhondo laseZhejiang nakwilizwe lonke.

Ibhetri equkuqelayo: Ibhetri equkuqelayo idla ngokuba lulwelo olugcinwe kwisikhongozeli esihamba ngee-electrode. Intlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa kugqitywe nge-membrane ye-ion exchange; bhekisa kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi.

Iskimu sebhetri eshukumayo

Kwisalathiso sokumelwa ngakumbi kwebhetri ye-vanadium flow, i-Guodian Longyuan, iprojekthi ye-5MW / 10MWh, egqitywe yiDalian Institute of Chemical Physics kunye neDalian Rongke Energy Storage, yayiyeyona ndlela ibanzi yokugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri ye-vanadium. ihlabathi ngelo xesha, eliphantsi kolwakhiwo Inkqubo enkulu yokugcina amandla ebhetri ye-vanadium redox ifikelela kwi-200MW/800MWh.

Ibhetri ye-Metal-ion: iteknoloji ekhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-electrochemical energy yokugcina amandla. Phakathi kwazo, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kubathengi be-electronics, iibhetri zamandla, kunye nezinye iindawo, kwaye izicelo zabo zokugcina amandla nazo zanda. Kubandakanya iiprojekthi zangaphambili zeHuawei eziphantsi kolwakhiwo ezisebenzisa ukugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri ye-lithium-ion, eyona projekthi inkulu yokugcina amandla ebhetri ye-lithium-ion eyakhiwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yiMoss Landing yokugcina amandla equka iSigaba I 300MW/1200MWh kunye neSigaba II 100MW/400MWh, a iyonke yi-400MW/1600MWh.

Lithium-Ion Ibhetri

Ngenxa yokucutha umthamo wokuvelisa i-lithium kunye neendleko, ukubuyisela i-sodium ion kunye noxinano lwamandla aphantsi kodwa ugcino oluninzi kulindeleke ukuba lunciphise ixabiso lube yindlela yophuhliso yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion. Umgaqo wayo kunye nezixhobo eziphambili zifana neebhetri ze-lithium-ion, kodwa akukabikho imveliso kwizinga elikhulu. , inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri ye-sodium-ion ifakwe ekusebenzeni kwiingxelo ezikhoyo zibone kuphela isikali se-1MWh.

Iibhetri ze-aluminium-ion zineempawu zomthamo ophezulu wethiyori kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto ezininzi. Kwakhona isalathiso sophando sokutshintsha iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, kodwa akukho ndlela icacileyo yokuthengisa. Inkampani yaseIndiya esele idumile kutshanje ibhengeze ukuba iza kuthengisa ukuveliswa kweebhetri ze-aluminiyam-ion kunyaka ozayo kwaye iza kwakha iyunithi yokugcina amandla ayi-10MW. Masilinde sibone.

Linda ubone

I-rechargeable metal-sulfur / ioksijini / iibhetri zomoya: kubandakanywa i-lithium-sulfur, i-lithium-oxygen / umoya, i-sodium-sulfur, iibhetri zomoya ezihlawulelwayo ze-aluminium, njl., kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla aphezulu kuneebhetri ze-ion. Ummeli wangoku wokuthengisa iibhetri ze-sodium-sulfur. I-NGK okwangoku ingumthengisi ohamba phambili weenkqubo zebhetri ze-sodium-sulfur. Isikali esikhulu esithe sasetyenziswa yi-108MW/648MWh isodiyam-sulphur yebhetri yenkqubo yokugcina amandla kwi-United Arab Emirates.

4. Ukugcinwa kwamandla ekhemikhali: Kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, uSchrödinger wabhala ukuba ubomi buxhomekeke ekufumaneni i-entropy engalunganga. Kodwa ukuba awuthembeli kumandla angaphandle, i-entropy iya kwanda, ngoko ubomi kufuneka buthathe amandla. Ubomi bufumana indlela yabo, kwaye ukugcina amandla, izityalo ziguqula amandla elanga abe ngamandla emichiza kwi-organic matter ngokusebenzisa iphotosynthesis. Ukugcinwa kwamandla ekhemikhali kuye kwaba lukhetho lwendalo kwasekuqaleni. Ugcino lwamandla ekhemikhali ibe yindlela eyomeleleyo yokugcina amandla kubantu ukusukela oko Kwenza ii-volts kwizitaki zombane. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo kokugcinwa kwamandla amakhulu kusandul 'ukuqalisa.

Ukugcinwa kwe-Hydrogen, i-methanol, njl. Indlela yokuvelisa i-hydrogen→ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen→iseli yamafutha sele isendleleni. Okwangoku, zingaphezulu kwe-100 izikhululo ze-hydrogen ezakhiweyo kwilizwe lam, zibekwe phakathi kwezona ziphezulu emhlabeni, kubandakanya nesona sikhululo sikhulu se-hydrogen sikhulu emhlabeni eBeijing. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokunciphisa iteknoloji yokugcina i-hydrogen kunye nomngcipheko wokuqhuma kwe-hydrogen, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen engathanga ngqo emele i-methanol inokuba yindlela ebalulekileyo yamandla exesha elizayo, njengobuchwephesha be-"liquid sunlight" yeqela likaLi Can kwi-Dalian Institute. yeKhemistri, iAkhademi yaseTshayina yeSayensi.

Iibhetri eziziiprayimari zentsimbi: ezimelwe ziibhetri zomoya ze-aluminiyam ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwethiyori, kodwa kukho inkqubela encinci ekurhwebeni. I-Phinergy, inkampani emele ikhankanywe kwiingxelo ezininzi, isebenzise iibhetri zomoya ze-aluminium kwizithuthi zayo. Iwaka leekhilomitha, isisombululo esikhokelayo ekugcinweni kwamandla kukuhlaziywa kweebhetri zomoya we-zinc.