Ukuphuhliswa kweebhetri ze-lithium

Imvelaphi yesixhobo sebhetri inokuqala ngokufunyanwa kwebhotile yeLeiden. Ibhotile yeLeiden yaqala ukuvela kwisazinzulu saseDatshi uPieter van Musschenbroek ngo-1745. Iqulethwe ngamacwecwe amabini esinyithi ahlulwe yi-insulator. Intonga yentsimbi engentla isetyenziselwa ukugcina nokukhulula intlawulo. Xa uchukumisa intonga Xa ibhola yensimbi isetyenziswe, ibhotile yeLeiden inokugcina okanye isuse amandla ombane angaphakathi, kwaye umgaqo wayo kunye nokulungiswa kulula. Nabani na onomdla angayenza yedwa ekhaya, kodwa i-self-discharge phenomenon inzima kakhulu ngenxa yesikhokelo sayo esilula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, wonke umbane uya kukhutshwa kwiiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kwebhotile yeLeiden kubonisa inqanaba elitsha kuphando lombane.

Ngeminyaka yoo-1790, isazinzulu sase-Italiya uLuigi Galvani wafumanisa ukusetyenziswa kweengcingo ze-zinc kunye nobhedu ukudibanisa imilenze yesele kwaye wafumanisa ukuba imilenze yesele iya kuxubha, ngoko ke wacebisa ingcamango "ye-bioelectricity." Oku kufunyenweyo kwabangela ukuba isazinzulu saseTaliyane uAlessandro aguqe. Ukuchasa kukaVolta, uVolta ukholelwa ukuba ukushukuma kwemilenze yesele kuphuma kumbane oveliswa yintsimbi kunombane okwisele. Ukuphikisa ingcamango kaGalvani, uVolta ucebise iVolta Stack yakhe eyaziwayo. Isitaki sevoltaic siquka i-zinc kunye namaphepha obhedu anekhadibhodi efakwe emanzini anetyuwa phakathi. Lo ngumzekelo webhetri yekhemikhali ecetywayo.
I-electrode reaction equation yeseli yevoltaic:

i-electrode eyakhayo: 2H^++2e^-→H_2

electrode negative: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-

Ngo-1836, isazinzulu saseBritani uJohn Frederic Daniell wenza ibhetri kaDaniel ukusombulula ingxaki yamaqamza omoya ebhetrini. Ibhetri kaDaniel inohlobo lokuqala lwebhetri yemichiza yanamhlanje. Inezahlulo ezimbini. Inxalenye elungileyo ifakwe kwisisombululo se-copper sulfate. Enye inxalenye yobhedu yizinki entywiliselwe kwisisombululo se-zinc sulfate. Ibhetri yokuqala kaDaniel yazaliswa ngesisombululo se-copper sulfate kwingqayi yobhedu kwaye yafaka i-ceramic porous cylindrical container embindini. Kule ngqungquthela ye-ceramic, kukho intonga ye-zinc kunye ne-zinc sulfate njenge-electrode engafanelekanga. Kwisisombululo, imingxuma encinci kwi-container ye-ceramic ivumela ukuba izitshixo ezimbini zitshintshe i-ion. Iibhetri zala maxesha zikaDaniel ubukhulu becala zisebenzisa iibhulorho zetyuwa okanye iimbrane ezikwazi ukungena ngaphakathi ukufezekisa esi siphumo. Iibhetri zikaDaniel zazisetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla kuthungelwano lwetelegraph de iibhetri ezomileyo zithathe indawo yazo.

I-electrode reaction equation yebhetri kaDaniel:

I-electrode entle: 〖Cu〗^(2+)+2e^-→Cu

electrode negative: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uhlobo oluphambili lwebhetri luchongiwe, olubandakanya i-electrode elungileyo, i-electrode engalunganga, kunye ne-electrolyte. Kwisiseko esinjalo, iibhetri ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka eyi-100 ezayo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zebhetri ezintsha ziye zavela, kuquka isazinzulu saseFransi uGaston Planté wasungula iibhetri ze-lead-acid ngo-1856. izithuthi. Ihlala isetyenziswa njengonikezelo lwamandla olugciniweyo kwezinye izibhedlele kunye nezikhululo ezisisiseko. Iibhetri ze-lead-asidi ubukhulu becala zenziwe ngelothe, i-lead dioxide, kunye nesisombululo se-asidi yesulfuric, kwaye amandla azo ombane anokufikelela malunga ne-2V. Kwanakule mihla, iibhetri ezineasidi yelothe azikapheli ngenxa yobugcisa bazo obuqolileyo, amaxabiso aphantsi, nenkqubo ekhuselekileyo yamanzi esekwe emanzini.

I-equation ye-electrode reaction equation ye-lead-acid yebhetri:

Positive electrode: PbO_2+〖SO〗_4^(2-)+4H^++2e^-→Pb〖SO〗_4+2H_2 O

I-electrode engalunganga: Pb+〖SO〗_4^(2-)→Pb〖SO〗_4+2e^-

Ibhetri ye-nickel-cadmium, eyasungulwa ngusosayensi waseSweden uWaldemar Jungner ngo-1899, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zombane ezincinci eziphathwayo, ezifana nee-walkmans zangaphambili, ngenxa yoxinano lwamandla aphezulu kuneebhetri ze-lead-acid. Ifana neebhetri ze-lead-acid. Iibhetri ze-nickel-cadmium ziye zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1990, kodwa ubutyhefu babo buphezulu, kwaye ibhetri ngokwayo inefuthe elithile lememori. Kungenxa yoko le nto sihlala siva abanye abantu abadala besithi ibhetri kufuneka ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuba itshajwe kwaye iibhetri zenkunkuma ziya kungcolisa umhlaba, njalo njalo. (Qaphela ukuba neebhetri zangoku zinetyhefu kakhulu kwaye akufanele zilahlwe kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa iibhetri ze-lithium zangoku azinayo inzuzo yememori, kwaye ukukhutshwa ngokugqithiseleyo kuyingozi kubomi bebhetri.) Iibhetri ze-nickel-cadmium ziyonakalisa kakhulu indalo, kwaye ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kuya kutshintsha ngeqondo lokushisa, elinokubangela umonakalo ngenxa yangoku ngokugqithisileyo ngexesha lokutshaja. Iibhetri ze-nickel-hydrogen zayiphelisa ngokuthe ngcembe malunga no-2005. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iibhetri ze-nickel-cadmium azifane zibonwe kwimarike.

Electrode reaction equation yenickel-cadmium battery:

Positive electrode: 2NiO(OH)+2H_2 O+2e^-→2OH^-+2Ni〖(OH)〗_2

I-electrode engalunganga: Cd+2OH^-→Cd〖(OH)〗_2+2e^-

Inqanaba lebhetri yentsimbi yeLithium

Ngeminyaka yee-1960, abantu ekugqibeleni bangena ngokusemthethweni kwixesha leebhetri ze-lithium.

I-Lithium yesinyithi ngokwayo yafunyanwa ngo-1817, kwaye abantu bakhawuleza baqonda ukuba iipropathi ze-lithium zesinyithi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zisetyenziswa ngokwendalo njengezinto zeebhetri. Inoxinano oluphantsi (0.534g 〖cm〗 ^(-3)), umthamo omkhulu (ithiyori ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3860mAh g ^ (-1)), kunye namandla ayo aphantsi (-3.04V xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho we-hydrogen electrode). Aba baphantse baxelele abantu ukuba ndiyinto engalunganga ye-electrode yebhetri eyiyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-lithium metal ngokwayo ineengxaki ezinkulu. Isebenza kakhulu, isabela ngobundlobongela emanzini, kwaye ineemfuno eziphezulu kwindawo yokusebenza. Ngoko ke, ixesha elide, abantu babengenakuzinceda ngayo.

Ngowe-1913, uLewis noKeyes balinganisa amandla e-lithium metal electrode. Kwaye yenza uvavanyo lwebhetri nge-lithium iodide kwisisombululo sepropylamine njenge-electrolyte, nangona yasilela.

Ngo-1958, uWilliam Sidney Harris ukhankanye ithisisi yakhe yobugqirha ukuba wabeka isinyithi lithium kwizisombululo ezahlukeneyo ze-ester eziphilayo kwaye waqaphela ukubunjwa koluhlu lwee-passivation layers (kubandakanywa isinyithi se-lithium kwi-perchloric acid). ILithiyam iLiClO_4

Isiganeko kwisisombululo se-PC yepropylene carbonate, kwaye esi sisombululo yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ye-electrolyte kwiibhetri ze-lithium kwixesha elizayo), kwaye i-ion transmission phenomenon ethile iye yabonwa, ngoko ke ezinye iimvavanyo zokuqala ze-electrodeposition zenziwe ngokusekelwe kule nto. Olu vavanyo lwakhokelela ngokusemthethweni kuphuhliso lweebhetri ze-lithium.

Ngo-1965, i-NASA yenze uphando olunzulu malunga nokutshaja kunye nokukhupha izinto ze-Li||Cu iibhetri kwizisombululo zePC ze-lithium perchlorate. Ezinye iinkqubo ze-electrolyte, kuquka uhlalutyo lwe-LiBF_4, i-LiI, i-LiAl〖Cl〗_4, i-LiCl, Olu phando luvuse umdla omkhulu kwiinkqubo ze-electrolyte eziphilayo.

Ngo-1969, i-patent yabonisa ukuba umntu uqalise ukuzama ukuthengisa iibhetri zesisombululo se-organic usebenzisa i-lithium, i-sodium, kunye neentsimbi ze-potassium.

Ngo-1970, i-Panasonic Corporation yase-Japan yenza i-Li‖CF_x ┤ ibhetri, apho umlinganiselo we-x uhlala u-0.5-1. CF_x yi-fluorocarbon. Nangona igesi yefluorine inetyhefu kakhulu, i-fluorocarbon ngokwayo ingumgubo ongekho mhlophe ongeyotyhefu. Ukuvela kwe-Li‖CF_x ┤ ibhetri kunokuthiwa yibhetri yokuqala yokwenene yorhwebo ye-lithium. Li‖CF_x ┤ ibhetri yibhetri yokuqala. Sekunjalo, umthamo wayo mkhulu, umthamo wethiyori yi-865mAh 〖Kg〗^(-1), kwaye i-voltage yayo yokukhupha izinzile kakhulu kuluhlu olude. Ngenxa yoko, amandla azinzile kwaye i-self-discharge phenomenon encinci. Kodwa inomgangatho wokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo kwaye ayinakuhlawuliswa. Ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo idityaniswe ne-manganese dioxide ukwenza i-Li‖CF_x ┤-MnO_2 iibhetri, ezisetyenziswa njengeebhetri zangaphakathi kwezinye izinzwa ezincinci, iiwotshi, njl., kwaye azizange zipheliswe.

I-electrode entle: CF_x+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→C+xLiF

I-electrode engalunganga: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

Ngo-1975, i-Sanyo Corporation yase-Japan yenza i-Li‖MnO_2 ┤ ibhetri, eyaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiikhaltyhuleyitha zelanga eziphinda zitshajwe. Oku kunokubonwa njengebhetri yokuqala ye-lithium etshajekayo. Nangona le mveliso yayiyimpumelelo enkulu eJapan ngelo xesha, abantu babengenalo ukuqonda okunzulu kwezinto ezinjalo kwaye babengazi i-lithium kunye ne-manganese dioxide. Sisizathu sini esibangela ukuba abantu baphendule?

Phantse ngexesha elifanayo, amaMerika ayekhangela ibhetri enokuphinda isetyenziswe, esiyibiza ngoku ibhetri yesibini.

Kwi-1972, i-MBArmand (amagama ezinye izazinzulu aziguqulelwanga ekuqaleni) ecetywayo kwiphepha lenkomfa M_(0.5) Fe〖(CN)〗_3 (apho i-M isinyithi se-alkali) kunye nezinye izinto ezinesakhiwo esiluhlaza sasePrussia. , Kwaye wafunda i-ion intercalation phenomenon yayo. Kwaye kwi-1973, u-J. Broadhead kunye nabanye be-Bell Labs bafunde i-intercalation phenomenon ye-sulfure kunye ne-athomu ye-iodine kwi-dichalcogenides yensimbi. Ezi zifundo zokuqala kwi-ion intercalation phenomenon zezona mpembelelo zibalulekileyo zokuqhubela phambili ngokuthe ngcembe kweebhetri ze-lithium. Uphando lwangaphambili luchanekile ngenxa yezi zifundo ukuba kamva iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zinokwenzeka.

Ngo-1975, uMartin B. Dines wase-Exxon (umanduleli we-Exxon Mobil) wenza izibalo zokuqala kunye neemvavanyo kwi-intercalation phakathi koluhlu lwee-dichalcogenides zetsimbi yenguqu kunye neentsimbi zealkali kwaye ngaloo nyaka, i-Exxon yayilinye igama elithi Scientist MS Whittingham wapapasha ipatent. kwiLi‖TiS_2 ┤ ichibi. Kwaye kwi-1977, i-Exoon yathengisa ibhetri esekelwe kwi-Li-Al‖TiS_2┤, apho i-lithium aluminium alloy inokunyusa ukhuseleko lwebhetri (nangona kusekho umngcipheko obaluleke kakhulu). Emva koko, iinkqubo ezinjalo zebhetri zisetyenziswe ngokulandelelana yi-Eveready eUnited States. Urhwebo lweNkampani yeBattery kunye neNkampani yeGrace. I-Li‖TiS_2 ┤ ibhetri inokuba yeyokuqala ibhetri ye-lithium yesibini ngokwenyani, kwaye yayiyeyona nkqubo yebhetri ishushu ngelo xesha. Ngelo xesha, ukuxinwa kwayo kwamandla kwakumalunga namaxesha angama-2-3 eebhetri ze-lead-acid.

I-electrode entle: TiS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x TiS_2

I-electrode engalunganga: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

Ngelo xesha, isazinzulu saseCanada u-MA Py wenza i-Li‖MoS_2┤ ibhetri ngo-1983, enokuba namandla obuninzi be-60-65Wh 〖Kg〗^(-1) kwi-1/3C, elingana ne-Li‖TiS_2┤ ibhetri. Ngokusekwe koku, kwi-1987, inkampani yaseCanada iMoli Energy yasungula ibhetri ye-lithium ethengiswa kakhulu, eyayifunwa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Esi bekufanele ukuba ibe sisiganeko esibalulekileyo ngokwembali, kodwa umnqa kukuba kukwabangela ukwehla kweMoli emva koko. Ke ngentwasahlobo ka-1989, iNkampani yeMoli yazisa isizukulwana sayo sesibini iLi‖MoS_2┤ iimveliso zebhetri. Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo ka-1989, isizukulwana sokuqala sikaMoli iLi‖MoS_2┤ imveliso yebhetri yaqhushumba kwaye yabangela uloyiko olukhulu. Ngehlobo lalo nyaka, zonke iimveliso zakhunjuzwa, kwaye amaxhoba ahlawulwa. Ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka, i-Moli Energy yachaza i-bankruptcy kwaye yafunyanwa yi-NEC yaseJapan entwasahlobo ka-1990. Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba kukho amahemuhemu ukuba uJeff Dahn, usosayensi waseCanada ngelo xesha, wayekhokela iprojekthi yebhetri eMoli. Amandla kwaye wayeka ngenxa yenkcaso yakhe kuluhlu oluqhubekayo lweLi‖MoS_2 ┤ iibhetri.

I-electrode entle: MoS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x MoS_2

I-electrode engalunganga: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iibhetri zesinyithi ze-lithium ziye zashiya amehlo oluntu ngokuthe ngcembe. Siyabona ukuba ngexesha le-1970 ukuya kwi-1980, uphando lwezenzululwazi malunga neebhetri ze-lithium lwalugxininise kakhulu kwizinto ze-cathode. Injongo yokugqibela igxininise rhoqo kwi-transition metal dichalcogenides. Ngenxa yolwakhiwo lwazo (inguqu yesinyithi i-dichalcogenides ngoku ifundwa ngokubanzi njengento ephindwe kabini), iileyile zabo kunye Kukho izithuba ezaneleyo phakathi kweengqimba ukulungiselela ukufakwa kwee-ion ze-lithium. Ngelo xesha, bekukho uphando oluncinci kwizinto ze-anode ngeli xesha. Nangona ezinye iiphononongo zijolise ekuhlanganiseni isinyithi se-lithium ukunyusa uzinzo, intsimbi ye-lithium ngokwayo ayizinzanga kwaye iyingozi. Nangona ukuqhuma kwebhetri kaMoli kwakuyisiganeko esothusa ihlabathi, kukho iimeko ezininzi zokuqhuma kweebhetri zetsimbi ye-lithium.

Ngaphezu koko, abantu babengazi kakuhle isizathu sokuqhuma kweebhetri ze-lithium. Ukongeza, intsimbi ye-lithium yayikhe yajongwa njengesixhobo se-electrode engathandekiyo ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezilungileyo. Emva kokuqhuma kwebhetri kaMoli, ukwamkelwa kwabantu kweebhetri zensimbi ze-lithium kwehla, kwaye iibhetri ze-lithium zangena kwixesha elimnyama.

Ukuze ube nebhetri ekhuselekileyo, abantu kufuneka baqale ngezinto ezinobungozi ze-electrode. Sekunjalo, kukho uluhlu lweengxaki apha: amandla e-lithium yesinyithi ayinzulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezinye ii-electrode ezimbi ezidibeneyo ziya kwandisa amandla e-electrode engafanelekanga, kwaye ngale ndlela, iibhetri ze-lithium Umahluko onokwenzeka ngokubanzi uya kuncitshiswa, oya kunciphisa. ukuxinana kwamandla esiphango. Ke ngoko, izazinzulu kufuneka zifumane izinto ezihambelana ne-cathode ephezulu yombane. Ngelo xesha, i-electrolyte yebhetri kufuneka ihambelane ne-voltages efanelekileyo kunye ne-negative kunye nokuzinza komjikelo. Ngelo xesha, i-conductivity ye-electrolyte Kwaye ukumelana nobushushu kungcono. Olu ngcelele lwemibuzo lwadida izazinzulu kangangexesha elide ukuze zifumane impendulo eyanelisayo.

Ingxaki yokuqala yokusombulula izazinzulu kukufumana izinto ezikhuselekileyo, ezinobungozi ze-electrode ezinokuthatha indawo yentsimbi ye-lithium. Isinyithi se-lithium ngokwaso sinomsebenzi omninzi weekhemikhali, kwaye uchungechunge lweengxaki zokukhula kwe-dendrite ziye zanzima kakhulu kwindawo yokusetyenziswa kunye neemeko, kwaye ayikhuselekanga. I-graphite ngoku ngumzimba oyintloko we-electrode engafanelekanga yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiibhetri ze-lithium kuye kwafundwa kwangoko ngo-1976. Kwi-1976, u-Besenhard, u-JO uye waqhuba uphando olunzulu malunga ne-electrochemical synthesis ye-LiC_R. Nangona kunjalo, nangona i-graphite ineempawu ezintle kakhulu (i-conductivity ephezulu, umthamo ophezulu, amandla aphantsi, ukungabi nalutho, njl.), ngelo xesha, i-electrolyte esetyenziswa kwiibhetri ze-lithium ngokuqhelekileyo isisombululo sePC yeLiClO_4 ekhankanywe ngasentla. Igraphite inengxaki enkulu. Xa kungabikho ukhuseleko, iimolekyuli zePC ye-electrolyte nazo ziya kungena kwisakhiwo segraphite kunye ne-lithium-ion intercalation, okubangela ukuncipha kokusebenza komjikelo. Ngoko ke, i<em>graphite yayingathandwa zizazinzulu ngelo xesha.

Ngokuphathelele izinto ze-cathode, emva kophando lwenqanaba lebhetri yensimbi ye-lithium, izazinzulu zafumanisa ukuba i-lithiation anode impahla ngokwayo iyinto yokugcina i-lithium kunye nokuguqulwa okuhle, njenge-LiTiS_2, 〖Li〗_x V〖Se〗_2 (x =1,2) njalo njalo, kwaye kwesi siseko, 〖Li〗_x V_2 O_5 (0.35≤x<3), LiV_2 O_8 kunye nezinye izinto eziye zaphuhliswa. Kwaye izazinzulu ziye zaqhelana ngokuthe ngcembe neendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-ion ze-1-dimensional (1D), i-2-dimensional layered ion intercalation (2D), kunye ne-3-dimensional ion network structures.

Uphando lukaNjingalwazi uJohn B. Goodenough oludumileyo kwiLiCoO_2 (LCO) nalo lwenzeka ngeli xesha. Ngowe-1979, uGoodenougd et al. baphefumlelwe linqaku malunga nesakhiwo se-NaCoO_2 kwi-1973 kwaye bafumanisa i-LCO kwaye bapapasha inqaku le-patent. I-LCO inesakhiwo sokudibanisa esine-layer esifana ne-transition metal disulfides, apho i-lithium ion inokuthi ifakwe ukuguqulwa kwaye ikhutshwe. Ukuba i-lithium ion ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo, isakhiwo esivaliweyo se-CoO_2 siya kwenziwa, kwaye sinokuphinda sifakwe kunye ne-lithium ion ye-lithium (Ngokuqinisekileyo, ibhetri yangempela ayiyi kuvumela ukuba i-lithium ion ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo, leyo iya kubangela ukuba umthamo ubole ngokukhawuleza). Ngowe-1986, u-Akira Yoshino, owayesasebenza e-Asahi Kasei Corporation eJapan, wadibanisa ezintathu ze-LCO, i-coke, kunye nesisombululo se-PC ye-LiClO_4 okokuqala, waba yibhetri yokuqala ye-lithium-ion yanamhlanje kwaye ibe yi-lithium yangoku. ibhetri. U-Sony wakhawuleza wabona ipatent ye-LCO yendoda endala "elungile ngokwaneleyo" kwaye wafumana isigunyaziso sokuyisebenzisa. Kwi-1991, yathengisa i-LCO ibhetri ye-lithium-ion. Ingcamango yebhetri ye-lithium-ion nayo ibonakala ngeli xesha, kwaye ingcamango yayo Kwakhona iyaqhubeka nanamhla. (Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zesizukulwana sokuqala sika-Sony kunye ne-Akira Yoshino nazo zisebenzisa i-carbon eqinile njenge-electrode engafanelekanga endaweni yegraphite, kwaye isizathu kukuba i-PC engentla ine-intercalation kwi-graphite)

I-electrode entle: 6C+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x C_6

I-electrode engalunganga: LiCoO_2→〖Li〗_(1-x) CoO_2+x〖Li〗^++xe^-

Kwelinye icala, ngo-1978, u-Armand, M. ucebise ukusetyenziswa kwe-polyethylene glycol (PEO) njenge-electrolyte eqinileyo yepolymer ukusombulula ingxaki engentla yokuba i-anode yegraphite ifakwe ngokulula kwiimolekyuli zePC ezinyibilikayo (i-electrolyte eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha isebenzisa i-PC, isisombululo esixubileyo se-DEC), esabeka i-graphite kwinkqubo yebhetri ye-lithium okokuqala, kwaye iphakamisa ingcamango yebhetri ye-rocking-chair (i-rocking-chair) kunyaka olandelayo. Ingcamango enjalo iqhubekile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Iinkqubo zangoku ze-electrolyte eziqhelekileyo, ezifana ne-ED/DEC, EC/DMC, njl., zivele kancinci kancinci ngeminyaka yoo-1990 kwaye bezisetyenziswa ukusukela ngoko.

Kwangelo xesha linye, oosonzululwazi baphonononge uluhlu lweebhetri: Li‖Nb〖Se〗_3 ┤ iibhetri, Li‖V〖SE〗_2 ┤ iibhetri, Li‖〖Ag〗_2 V_4 ┤ O_11 iibhetri,Iibhetri, Li ‖I_2 ┤Iibhetri, njl., kuba azixabisekanga ngoku, kwaye akukho ntlobo zininzi zophando ukuze ndingazazisi ngokweenkcukacha.

• Ibhetri ye-Li-ion uqeqesho

Ixesha lophuhliso lwebhetri ye-lithium-ion emva kwe-1991 lixesha esikulo ngoku. Apha andiyi kushwankathela inkqubo yophuhliso ngokweenkcukacha kodwa ngokufutshane ndazise inkqubo yeekhemikhali zeebhetri ezimbalwa ze-lithium-ion.

Intshayelelo kwiinkqubo zebhetri ye-lithium-ion yangoku, nantsi inxalenye elandelayo.