Zeziphi iibhetri zesimo esiqinileyo esibhetyebhetye?

Iqela lezazinzulu zamazwe ngamazwe liphuhlise uhlobo olutsha lwebhetri yelizwe eliqinileyo enokunyusa uluhlu lwezithuthi zombane kunye nokuthintela imililo kwiilaptops kunye nee-smartphones. Ababhali bachaza iziphumo zabo kwi-Advanced Energy Materials. Ngokutshintsha i-electrolyte elulwelo esetyenziswa kwiibhetri eziqhelekileyo ezitshajwayo 'ngeziqinile', zeceramic bayakwazi ukuvelisa iibhetri ezisebenzayo, ezihlala ixesha elide nezikwakhuselekile ukuba zisetyenziswe. Abaphandi banethemba lokuba ezi zibonelelo zinokuvula indlela yokusebenza kakuhle, iibhetri eziluhlaza kuzo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo ezibandakanya iimoto zombane.

Ababhali bophononongo, abavela e-US nase-UK, baye baphonononga ezinye iindlela zolwelo lwe-electrolyte kwiibhetri ze-lithium ion ixesha elithile. Ngo-2016 babhengeze ukuphuhliswa kwebhetri ye-slid-state enokusebenza ngokuphindwe kabini kumbane weeseli ze-lithium ion eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ngokusebenza okufanayo.

Ngelixa uyilo lwabo lwamva nje lubonisa ukuphucuka okubalulekileyo kolu guqulelo lwangaphambili, umphandi uNjingalwazi uDonald Sadoway ovela kwiMIT uthi kusekho indawo yokuphucula: "Ukufikelela kwi-ionic ephezulu kwizixhobo ze-ceramic kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunokuba nzima," utshilo. "Oku bekuyimpumelelo eyimpumelelo." Abaphandi banethemba lokuba emva kokuvavanya ezi bhetri ziphuculweyo ziya kubonakala zifanelekile kwizithuthi zombane okanye iinqwelomoya ezisebenza ngamandla.

Kwiibhetri zemeko eqinileyo umonakalo ngenxa yokushisa ngokugqithiseleyo kuthintelwe ngokusebenzisa i-electrolytes ye-ceramic kunokuba inokutsha, i-liquid. Ukuba ibhetri yonakele kwaye iqala ukutshisa i-ceramic electrolyte chars kunokuba ivuthe, evimbela ukuba ibambe umlilo. Iipores kwisakhiwo sezi zixhobo eziqinileyo zikwavumela ukuba bathwale umthwalo ophezulu kakhulu wentlawulo yombane kunye neeonini ezihamba ngenethiwekhi eyandisiweyo ngaphakathi kwesiqina.

Ezi mpawu zithetha ukuba oosonzululwazi bakwazile ukunyusa amandla ombane kunye namandla eebhetri zabo xa kuthelekiswa nezo ziqulethe i-electrolyte yolwelo olunokutsha. Enyanisweni, uNjingalwazi uSadoway wathi: “Sibonise iseli ye-lithium-air ene-volts ezili-12 esebenza ku-90 degrees C [194° F]. Iphakame kakhulu kunaye nabani na ongomnye.”

Olu yilo lutsha lwebhetri lunolunye uncedo olunokubakho ngaphezu kwe-electrolyte enokutsha, kubandakanywa nenyaniso yokuba i-electrolyte ye-ceramic idla ngokuzinza ngakumbi kune-organic. “Into emangalisayo yindlela esebenze kakuhle ngayo,” utshilo uNjingalwazi Sadoway. "Sifumene amandla amaninzi kule seli kunokuba sibeka kuyo."

Olu zinzo lunokuvumela abavelisi ukuba bapakishe amanani amakhulu eeseli eziqinileyo kwiilaptop okanye iimoto zombane ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nokutshisa kakhulu, ukwenza izixhobo zikhuseleke kakhulu kwaye zandise ubomi bazo obusebenzayo. Okwangoku, ukuba ezi ntlobo zeebhetri zitshisa ngokugqithisileyo zibeka umngcipheko wokubamba umlilo - njengoko kutshanje kwenzeke ngefowuni ye-Samsung Galaxy Note 7. Amadangatye anesiphumo awanakukwazi ukusasazeka ngenxa yokuba akukho moya ngaphakathi kweeseli ukugcina ukutsha; ngokwenene, babengenakukwazi ukusasazeka ngaphaya kwendawo yomonakalo wokuqala.

Ezi zinto ziqinileyo nazo zihlala ixesha elide; ngokuchaseneyo, ezinye iinzame zokwenza iibhetri ze-lithium ion kunye ne-electrolyte yolwelo olunokutsha, esebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ngaphezu kwe-100 ° C) ihlala ibamba umlilo emva kwe-500 okanye i-600 cycle. I-electrolyte ye-ceramic inokumelana nemijikelezo engaphezu kwe-7500 yentlawulo / yokukhupha ngaphandle kokubamba umlilo."

Iziphumo ezitsha zinokubaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni uluhlu lwee-EVs kunye nokuthintela imililo ye-smartphone. Ngokutsho kukaSadoway: "Izizukulwana ezindala zeebhetri zineebhetri ze-lead [zemoto] yokuqalisa iibhetri. Babenoluhlu olufutshane kodwa bathembeke ngokumangalisayo, "wathi wongezelela ukuba ubuthathaka babo obungalindelekanga kukuba "ukuba kushushu ngaphezu kwe-60 ° C ngoko. ingatshisa umlilo."

Iibhetri ze-lithium ion zanamhlanje, uyachaza, ziyinyathelo ukusuka kule nto. "Zinoluhlu olude kodwa zingonakaliswa kukutshisa kakhulu kunye nokubamba umlilo," watsho esongeza ukuba ibhetri entsha ye-slid-state inokuba "yimpumelelo esisiseko" kuba inokukhokelela kwizixhobo ezithembekileyo nezikhuselekileyo.

Izazinzulu zaseMIT zicinga ukuba obu buchwephesha bunokuthatha iminyaka emihlanu ukuba busetyenziswe ngokubanzi kodwa kwangonyaka ozayo banethemba lokubona ezi ntlobo zeebhetri zifakwe kwii-smartphones ezivela kubavelisi abakhulu abafana ne-Samsung okanye i-Apple. Baye baqaphela ukuba zininzi izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuthengisa ezi seli ngaphandle kweefowuni, kubandakanya iilaptops kunye nezithuthi zombane.

Nangona kunjalo uNjingalwazi uSadoway ulumkisa ukuba kusekho indlela yokuhamba ngaphambi kokuba itekhnoloji igqitywe. "Sineseli ebonakala igqwesile ngokwenene kodwa kusesekuseni kakhulu . . . Kuseza kufuneka senze iiseli ezinomlinganiselo omkhulu, ii-electrode zoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu."

USadoway ukholelwa ukuba le mpumelelo iya kwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwangoko kuba inamandla angapheleli nje ekuphembeni ii-EV ezinoluhlu olukhulu kodwa inokuthintela imililo ye-smartphone. Mhlawumbi okothusa ngakumbi kuqikelelo lwakhe lokuba iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zingasetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela ngaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu xa uninzi lwabavelisi beqinisekile ngokhuseleko nokuthembeka kwabo.