By hoppt
Kuzisa
Ibhetri yindawo eyenza umsinga kwikomityi, inkonkxa, okanye esinye isikhongozeli okanye isikhongozeli esiyintlanganisela esinesisombululo se-electrolyte kunye nee-electrode zetsimbi. Ngamafutshane, sisixhobo esinokuguqula amandla ekhemikhali abe ngamandla ombane. Ine-electrode efanelekileyo kunye ne-electrode engalunganga. Ngophuhliso lwenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, iibhetri ziyaziwa ngokubanzi njengezixhobo ezincinci ezivelisa amandla ombane, njengeeseli zelanga. Iiparamitha zobugcisa bebhetri ikakhulu zibandakanya amandla e-electromotive, umthamo, indawo ethile, kunye nokumelana. Ukusebenzisa ibhetri njengomthombo wamandla kunokufumana amandla akhoyo kunye nombane ozinzileyo, umsinga ozinzileyo, unikezelo lwamandla oluzinzileyo lwexesha elide, kunye nefuthe eliphantsi langaphandle. Ibhetri inesakhiwo esilula, ukuthwala okulula, ukutshaja okulula, kunye nemisebenzi yokukhupha kwaye ayichatshazelwa yimozulu kunye nobushushu. Inomsebenzi ozinzileyo nothembekileyo kwaye idlala indima enkulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje bentlalo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhetri
umxholo
Kuzisa
Isithathu, iiparamitha zenkqubo
3.1 Amandla ombane
3.2 Umthamo olinganisiweyo
3.3 Amandla ombane alinganisiweyo
3.4 Vula amandla ombane wesekethe
3.5 Ukuchasa kwangaphakathi
3.6 Ukuphazamiseka
3.7 Ixabiso lentlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa
3.8 Ubomi benkonzo
3.9 Izinga lokuzikhupha
Isine, uhlobo lwebhetri
4.1 Uluhlu lobungakanani bebhetri
4.2 Umgangatho webhetri
4.3 Ibhetri eqhelekileyo
Isihlanu, isigama
5.1 uMgangatho weSizwe
5.2 Ibhetri ingqiqo
5.3 Ukukhetha ibhetri
5.4 Ukurisayikilishwa kwebhetri
Ngomnyaka we-1746, uMason Brock weYunivesithi yaseLeiden eNetherlands wasungula i-"Leiden Jar" yokuqokelela iindleko zombane. Wabona kunzima ukulawula umbane kodwa ngokukhawuleza wathi shwaka emoyeni. Wayefuna ukufumana indlela yokonga umbane. Ngenye imini, wabamba ibhakethi elixhonywe emoyeni, eliqhagamshelwe kwinjini kunye ne-emele, wakhupha ucingo lobhedu kwi-emele, waza wawuthi nkxu kwibhotile yeglasi ezele ngamanzi. Umncedisi wakhe wayephethe ibhotile yeglasi esandleni sakhe, kwaye uMason Bullock wayishukumisa imoto ecaleni. Ngeli xesha, umncedisi wakhe wabamba umgqomo ngempazamo kwaye ngequbuliso weva ukothuka kombane onamandla kwaye wakhwaza. UMason Bullock emva koko wanxibelelana nomncedisi kwaye wacela umncedisi ukuba ashukumise imoto. Kwangelo xesha, wayephethe ibhotile yamanzi ngesinye isandla waza waphatha umpu ngesinye. Ibhetri isekwinqanaba le-embryonic, uLeiden Jarre.
Ngomnyaka we-1780, ingcali ye-anatomist yaseTaliyane uLuigi Gallini wachukumisa ithanga lesele ngempazamo ngelixa ebambe izixhobo zentsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezandleni zozibini ngelixa esenza i-frog dissection. Imisipha emilenzeni yesele yashukuma ngoko nangoko ngokungathi yothuswa kukubethwa ngumbane. Ukuba ubamba kuphela i-frog ngesixhobo sentsimbi, akuyi kubakho ukuphendula okunjalo. UGreene ukholelwa ukuba le nto iyenzeka ngenxa yokuba umbane uveliswa kumzimba wezilwanyana, obizwa ngokuba yi "bioelectricity."
Ukufunyanwa kwezibini ezitshatileyo ze-galvanic kwavusa umdla omkhulu weengcali zefiziksi, eziye zabaleka ukuphinda ilinge lesele ukufumana indlela yokuvelisa umbane. Isazi sefilosofi saseNtaliyane uWalter uthe emva kweemvavanyo ezininzi: ingcamango ye "bioelectricity" ayilunganga. Izihlunu zamasele ezinokuvelisa umbane zinokubakho ngenxa yolwelo. UVolt wantywilisela iziqwenga zentsimbi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwezinye izisombululo ukubonisa ubungqina bakhe.
Ngo-1799, iVolt yantywilisela ipleyiti ye-zinc kunye nepleyiti yenkcenkce emanzini anetyuwa kwaye yafumanisa umsinga ohamba ngeengcingo ezidibanisa ezi ntsimbi zimbini. Ngoko ke, wabeka ilaphu elininzi elithambileyo okanye iphepha elifakwe emanzini anetyuwa phakathi kwezinki kunye neeflakes zesilivere. Wathi akubamba izandla zakhe zozibini ncam, weva uvuselelo lombane. Kuvela ukuba nje ukuba enye yeeplati ezimbini zetsimbi isabela kwikhemikhali kunye nesisombululo, Iya kuvelisa umbane okhoyo phakathi kweeplate zetsimbi.
Ngale ndlela, iVolt yenze ngempumelelo ibhetri yokuqala yehlabathi, "Volt Stack," eyipakethi yebhetri edityaniswe ngothotho. Yaba ngumthombo wamandla ovavanyo lokuqala lombane kunye neetelegraphs.
Ngowe-1836, uDaniel waseNgilani waphucula i-"Volt Reactor." Wasebenzisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric ehlanjululweyo njenge-electrolyte yokusombulula ingxaki ye-polarization yebhetri kwaye yavelisa ibhetri yokuqala ye-zinc-copper yokuqala engabonakaliyo enokugcina ibhalansi yangoku. Kodwa ezi bhetri zinengxaki; i-voltage iya kuhla ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Xa amandla ombane ebhetri ehla emva kwexesha lokusetyenziswa, Inokunika umva wangoku ukunyusa umbane webhetri. Kuba Iyakwazi ukutshajwa kwakhona le bhetri, Inokuphinda iyisebenzise.
Ngowe-1860, indoda engumFrentshi uGeorge Leclanche nayo yavelisa ibhetri yekhabhoni (carbon-zinc battery), esetyenziswa kakhulu ehlabathini. I-electrode yi-electrode edibeneyo ye-volts kunye ne-zinc ye-electrode engalunganga. I-electrode engafanelekanga ixutywe kunye ne-zinc electrode, kwaye i-carbon rod ifakwe kumxube njengomqokeleli wangoku. Zombini ii-electrodes zintywiliselwa kwi-ammonium chloride (njengesisombululo se-electrolytic). Le nto kuthiwa "ibhetri emanzi." Le bhetri ingabizi kwaye ilula, ngoko ayizange ithathelwe indawo "ibhetri eyomileyo" de kube ngu-1880. I-electrode ekhangayo iguqulwa ibe yi-zinc can (i-battery casing), kwaye i-electrolyte iba yintlama endaweni yolwelo. Le yibhetri ye-carbon-zinc esiyisebenzisayo namhlanje.
Ngowe-1887, iBritish Helson yenza ibhetri yokuqala eyomileyo. I-electrolyte yebhetri eyomileyo ifana nokuncamathelisa, ayivuzi, kwaye kulula ukuyiphatha, ngoko ibisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Ngomnyaka we-1890, uThomas Edison wenza ibhetri ye-iron-nickel etshajwayo.
Kwibhetri yemichiza, uguqulo lwamandla ekhemikhali abe ngamandla ombane luphuma kwintshukumo ezenzekelayo yekhemikhali efana ne-redox ngaphakathi kwebhetri. Le mpendulo yenziwa kwii-electrode ezimbini. Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode ezinobungozi ziquka iintsimbi ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-zinc, i-cadmium, ilothe, kunye ne-hydrogen okanye ii-hydrocarbons. Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode zibandakanya i-manganese dioxide, i-lead dioxide, i-nickel oxide, enye i-oksidi yesinyithi, i-oksijini okanye umoya, ii-halogens, iityuwa, i-oxyacids, iityuwa, kunye nokunye okunjalo. I-electrolyte yimathiriyeli ene-ion conductivity enhle, njengesisombululo se-aqueous ye-asidi, i-alkali, ityuwa, i-organic or inorganic non-aqueous solution, ityuwa etyhidiweyo, okanye i-electrolyte eqinile.
Xa isiphaluka sangaphandle sinqanyuliwe, kukho ukungafani okunokwenzeka (i-voltage yesiphaluka evulekileyo). Sekunjalo, akukho okwangoku, kwaye ayinakuguqula amandla ekhemikhali agcinwe kwibhetri ibe ngamandla ombane. Xa isiphaluka sangaphandle sivaliwe, ngenxa yokuba akukho zi-electron zamahhala kwi-electrolyte, phantsi kwesenzo sokwahlukana okunokwenzeka phakathi kwee-electrodes ezimbini, i-current flowing through the external circuit. Ibaleka ngaphakathi kwebhetri ngexesha elinye. Ukutshintshwa kwentlawulo kuhamba kunye ne-bipolar esebenzayo kunye ne-electrolyte-i-oxidation okanye ukunciphisa ukusabela kwi-interface kunye nokufuduka kwe-reactants kunye nemveliso yokuphendula. Ukufuduka kwee-ion kufeza ukuhanjiswa kwentlawulo kwi-electrolyte.
Ugqithiso lwentlawulo eqhelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokudlulisa ubunzima ngaphakathi kwebhetri ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho ophumayo wamandla ombane. Ngethuba lokutshaja, isalathiso sokuhanjiswa kwamandla kwangaphakathi kunye nenkqubo yokudlulisa ubuninzi ichasene nokukhutshwa. I-electrode reaction kufuneka iguqulwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umgangatho kunye neenkqubo zokudlulisa ubunzima zichasene. Ngoko ke, i-electrode reaction reaction iyimfuneko ekwenzeni ibhetri. Xa i-electrode idlula amandla okulingana, i-electrode iya kuphambuka ngamandla. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-polarization. Ubuninzi bobuninzi bangoku (ngoku odlulayo kwindawo ye-electrode yeyunithi), ngakumbi i-polarization, enye yezizathu ezibalulekileyo zokulahleka kwamandla ebhetri.
Izizathu zepolarization: Qaphela
① I-polarization ebangelwa ukuchasana kwenxalenye nganye yebhetri ibizwa ngokuba yi-ohmic polarization.
② I-polarization ebangelwa isithintelo senkqubo yokudluliselwa kwentlawulo kwi-electrode-electrolyte interface layer ibizwa ngokuba yi-activation polarization.
③ I-polarization ebangelwa yinkqubo yokudlulisa ubunzima obucothayo kwi-electrode-electrolyte interface layer ibizwa ngokuba yi-concentration polarization. Indlela yokunciphisa le polarization kukunyusa indawo yokusabela kwe-electrode, ukunciphisa ukuxinana kwangoku, ukwandisa ubushushu bokusabela, kunye nokuphucula umsebenzi we-catalytic we-electrode surface.
Isithathu, iiparamitha zenkqubo
3.1 Amandla ombane
Amandla e-electromotive ngumahluko phakathi kwezinto ezinokubakho ze-electrode ezilungelelanisiweyo zee-electrode ezimbini. Thatha ibhetri ye-lead-acid njengomzekelo, E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In (αH2SO4/αH2O).
E: amandla ombane
Ф+0: Umgangatho ofanelekileyo we-electrode, 1.690 V.
Ф-0: I-electrode engafanelekanga esemgangathweni, i-1.690 V.
R: Irhasi rhoqo, 8.314.
T: iqondo lobushushu beAmbient.
F: IFaraday ihlala njalo, ixabiso layo yi-96485.
I-αH2SO4: Umsebenzi we-Sulfuric acid uhambelana nokugxininiswa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric.
I-αH2O: Umsebenzi wamanzi onxulumene nokuxinana kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric.
Iyakwazi ukubona kule fomyula ingentla ukuba amandla ombane aqhelekileyo ebhetri ye-lead-asidi yi-1.690-(-0.356)=2.046V, ngoko ke amandla ombane ebhetri yi-2V. Abasebenzi be-electromotive beebhetri ze-lead-acid banxulumene nobushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acid.
3.2 Umthamo olinganisiweyo
Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezichazwe kuyilo (ezifana neqondo lokushisa, izinga lokukhutshwa, i-terminal voltage, njl.), umthamo omncinci (iyunithi: i-ampere / iyure) ekufuneka ibhetri ikhuphe ibonakaliswe ngumqondiso C. Umthamo uchaphazeleka kakhulu izinga lokukhupha. Ngoko ke, izinga lokukhutshwa lidla ngokumelwa ngamanani aseArabhu kwikona elisezantsi lasekunene kwileta C. Ngokomzekelo, i-C20 = 50, oku kuthetha ukuba umthamo we-50 amperes ngeyure ngezinga le-20 amaxesha. Iyakwazi ukucacisa ngokuchanekileyo umthamo wethiyori webhetri ngokwexabiso lezinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode kwifomula yokusabela kwebhetri kunye ne-electrochemical elingana nesixhobo esisebenzayo esibalwe ngokomthetho kaFaraday. Ngenxa yeempendulo ezisecaleni ezinokuthi zenzeke kwibhetri kunye neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zoyilo, umthamo webhetri uqhele ukuba ngaphantsi kunomthamo wethiyori.
3.3 Amandla ombane alinganisiweyo
Umbane osebenzayo webhetri kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, okwaziwa ngokuba yivoltheji yegama. Ukubhekisela, xa ukhetha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhetri. I-voltage yangempela yokusebenza yebhetri ilingana nomahluko phakathi kwe-electrode elinganayo ye-electrode efanelekileyo kunye ne-negative phantsi kwezinye iimeko zokusetyenziswa. Ihambelana kuphela nohlobo lwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode kwaye ayinanto yokwenza nomxholo wezinto ezisebenzayo. Amandla ombane ebhetri ngamandla ombane eDC. Sekunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo, utshintsho lwesigaba sekristale yentsimbi okanye ifilimu eyenziwe ngamanqanaba athile abangelwa yi-electrode reaction iya kubangela ukuguquguquka okuncinci kumbane. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yingxolo. I-amplitude yolu tshintsho luncinci, kodwa uluhlu lwamafrikhwensi lubanzi, olunokwahlulwa kwingxolo yokuzimela kwisekethe.
3.4 Vula amandla ombane wesekethe
Umbane weterminal webhetri kwindawo evulekileyo yesekethe ibizwa ngokuba yi-open-circuit voltage. I-voltage ye-open-circuit yebhetri ilingana nomahluko phakathi kwezinto ezilungileyo kunye nezibi zebhetri xa ibhetri ivuliwe (akukho mbane uhamba ngeepali ezimbini). I-voltage evulekileyo yebhethri imelwe yi-V, oko kukuthi, i-V on = Ф + -Ф-, apho i-Ф + kunye ne-Ф- zizinto ezintle kunye nezibi ezinokuthi zenze isiqhwithi, ngokulandelanayo. Umbane ovulelekileyo webhetri udla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwamandla ayo ombane. Oku kungenxa yokuba amandla e-electrode enziwe kwisisombululo se-electrolyte kwii-electrode ezimbini zebhetri idla ngokungabi yi-electrode elinganayo kodwa i-electrode ezinzileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-voltage ye-open-circuit yebhetri iphantse ilingane ne-electromotive force yesiphango.
3.5 Ukuchasa kwangaphakathi
Uxhathiso lwangaphakathi lwebhetri lubhekiselele kuxhathiso olufunyanwa xa ikhoyo ngoku idlula kwisiphango. Iquka ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kwe-ohmic kunye nokuchasana kwe-polarization yangaphakathi, kunye ne-polarization yangaphakathi ukumelana ne-electrochemical polarization ukumelana kwangaphakathi kunye nokugxilwa kwe-polarization yangaphakathi. Ngenxa yobukho bokuchasana kwangaphakathi, i-voltage esebenzayo yebhetri ihlala ingaphantsi kwe-electromotive force okanye i-open-circuit voltage yesiphango.
Ekubeni ukubunjwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo, ukuxinwa kwe-electrolyte, kunye nobushushu buhlala buguquka, ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kwebhetri akutshintshi. Iya kutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha ngexesha lokuhlawuliswa kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha. Ukuchasana kwe-ohmic yangaphakathi kulandela umthetho we-Ohm, kwaye ukuchasana kwe-polarization kwangaphakathi kwanda ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwangoku, kodwa alukho umgca.
Ukuchasana kwangaphakathi luphawu olubalulekileyo olumisela ukusebenza kwebhetri. Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla ombane osebenzayo ebhetri, okwangoku, amandla aphumayo, kunye namandla ebhetri, okuncinci ukuchasana kwangaphakathi, kungcono.
3.6 Ukuphazamiseka
Ibhetri inomlinganiselo we-electrode-electrolyte interface ye-interface, enokulingana nochungechunge olulula lwesekethe kunye ne-capacitance enkulu, ukuchasana okuncinci, kunye ne-inductance encinci. Nangona kunjalo, imeko yokwenyani inzima kakhulu, ngakumbi njengoko ukunyanzeliswa kwebhetri kutshintshile kunye nexesha kunye nenqanaba le-DC, kwaye i-impedance elinganisiweyo isebenza kuphela kwimeko ethile yokulinganisa.
3.7 Ixabiso lentlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa
Inamagama amabini: izinga lexesha kunye nokwandisa. Isantya sexesha kukutshaja kunye nesantya sokukhupha esibonakaliswe kukutshaja kunye nexesha lokukhupha. Ixabiso lilingana nenani leeyure ezifunyenwe ngokwahlula umthamo webhetri olinganisiweyo (A·h) ngokutshaja okumiselweyo kunye nokususa okwangoku (A). Ukwandiswa kukuchasana komlinganiselo wexesha. Izinga lokukhutshwa kwebhetri ephambili libhekiselele kwixesha elithatha ukuxhathisa okusisigxina ukukhupha kwi-terminal voltage. Isantya sokukhutshwa sinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwebhetri.
3.8 Ubomi benkonzo
Ubomi bogcino bubhekisa kwelona xesha liphezulu elivunyelweyo lokugcina phakathi kokwenziwa nokusetyenziswa kwebhetri. Ixesha lilonke, kubandakanywa ugcino kunye namaxesha okusebenzisa, libizwa ngokuba ngumhla wokuphelelwa kwebhetri. Ubomi bebhetri buhlulwe kubomi bokugcinwa okomileyo kunye nobomi bokugcinwa obumanzi. Ubomi bomjikelo bubhekisa kwintlawulo ephezulu kunye nemijikelo yokukhupha ibhetri enokufikelela kuyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Inkqubo yovavanyo lomjikelo wentlawulo kufuneka icaciswe kubomi bomjikelo obuchaziweyo, kubandakanywa nexabiso lokukhupha intlawulo, ubunzulu bokukhutshwa, kunye noluhlu lobushushu obuphakathi.
3.9 Izinga lokuzikhupha
Isantya apho ibhetri ilahlekelwa khona umthamo ngexesha logcino. Amandla alahlekileyo ngokuzikhupha ngexesha lokugcinwa kweyunithi abonakaliswa njengepesenti yomthamo webhetri ngaphambi kokugcinwa.
Isine, uhlobo lwebhetri
4.1 Uluhlu lobungakanani bebhetri
Iibhetri zohlulwe zibe ziibhetri ezilahlwayo kunye neebhetri eziphinda zitshajwe. Iibhetri ezilahlayo zinezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nemigangatho kwamanye amazwe kunye nemimandla. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe iqulunqe imodeli esemgangathweni, kuye kwaveliswa iimodeli ezininzi. Uninzi lwezi modeli zebhetri zithiywe ngabavelisi okanye amasebe kazwelonke afanelekileyo, enza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuthiya amagama. Ngokobungakanani bebhetri, iimodeli zebhetri ze-alkaline zelizwe lam zingahlulwa zibe yiNombolo ye-1, i-2, i-5, i-7, i-8, i-9, kunye ne-NV; iimodeli ze-alkaline zaseMelika ezihambelanayo ziyi-D, C, AA, AAA, N, AAAA, PP3, njl. E-China, ezinye iibhetri ziya kusebenzisa indlela yaseMelika yokubiza amagama. Ngokomgangatho we-IEC, inkcazo epheleleyo yemodeli yebhetri kufuneka ibe yikhemistri, imilo, ubungakanani, kunye nocwangco.
1) Imodeli yeAAAA inqabile. Umgangatho we-AAAA (intloko ye-flat) ibhetri inobude be-41.5±0.5 mm kunye nobubanzi be-8.1±0.2 mm.
2) Iibhetri ze-AAA zixhaphake kakhulu. Ibhetri ye-AAA (intloko ethe tyaba) inobude obuyi-43.6±0.5mm kunye nobubanzi obuyi-10.1±0.2mm.
3) Iibhetri zohlobo lwe-AA ziyaziwa. Zombini iikhamera zedijithali kunye neethoyi zombane zisebenzisa iibhetri ze-AA. Ubude bebhetri yeAA (intloko ecaba) yi-48.0±0.5mm, kwaye ububanzi yi-14.1±0.2mm.
4) Iimodeli zinqabile. Olu chungechunge ludla ngokusetyenziswa njengeseli yebhetri kwipakethi yebhetri. Kwiikhamera ezindala, phantse zonke iibhetri ze-nickel-cadmium kunye ne-nickel-metal hydride ziyi-4/5A okanye i-4/5SC iibhetri. Ibhetri esemgangathweni engu-A (intloko ecaba) inobude obuyi-49.0±0.5 mm kunye nobubanzi obuyi-16.8±0.2 mm.
5) Imodeli ye-SC nayo ayifani. Idla ngokuba yiseli yebhetri ekwipakethi yebhetri. Inokubonwa kwizixhobo zamandla kunye neekhamera, kunye nezixhobo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ibhetri yesiqhelo ye-SC (intloko ecaba) inobude obuyi-42.0±0.5mm kunye nobubanzi obuyi-22.1±0.2mm.
6) Uhlobo C lulingana nebhetri ye-2 yaseTshayina. Ibhetri esemgangathweni ye-C (intloko yeflat) inobude obuyi-49.5±0.5 mm kunye nobubanzi be-25.3±0.2 mm.
7) Uhlobo lwe-D lulingana nebhetri ye-1 yaseTshayina. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunikezelo lwamandla lwasekuhlaleni, lwasemkhosini, kunye nolwahlukileyo lweDC. Umphakamo womgangatho webhetri D (intloko ecaba) yi-59.0±0.5mm, kunye nobubanzi obuyi-32.3±0.2mm.
8) Imodeli engu-N ayabiwanga. Ukuphakama kwebhetri ye-N (intloko ecaba) yi-28.5±0.5 mm, kwaye ububanzi yi-11.7±0.2 mm.
9) Iibhetri ze-F kunye neebhetri zamandla esizukulwana esitsha ezisetyenziswa kwi-mopeds zombane zinomkhwa wokutshintsha iibhetri ze-lead-asidi ezingenalo ukugcinwa, kwaye iibhetri ze-lead-acid zidla ngokusetyenziswa njengeeseli zebhetri. Ibhetri esemgangathweni ye-F (i-flat head) inobude obuyi-89.0±0.5 mm kunye nobubanzi be-32.3±0.2 mm.
4.2 Umgangatho webhetri
A. Ibhetri esemgangathweni yaseTshayina
Thatha ibhetri 6-QAW-54a njengomzekelo.
Isithandathu sithetha ukuba yenziwe ngeeseli ezi-6, kwaye ibhetri nganye ine-voltage ye-2V; oko kukuthi, amandla ombane alinganisiwe yi-12V.
I-Q ibonisa injongo yebhetri, i-Q yibhetri yokuqaliswa kwemoto, M yibhetri yezithuthuthu, i-JC yibhetri yaselwandle, i-HK yibhetri yenqwelomoya, D yibhetri yezithuthi zombane, kunye no-F yi-valve elawulwayo. ibhetri.
U-A no-W babonisa uhlobo lwebhetri: A ibonisa ibhetri eyomileyo, aze uW abonise ibhetri engalungiswanga. Ukuba uphawu alucacanga, luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwebhetri.
I-54 ibonisa ukuba umthamo olinganisiweyo webhetri yi-54Ah (ibhetri egcwele ngokupheleleyo ikhutshwe kwizinga le-20 yeeyure zokukhutshwa ngoku kwiqondo lokushisa, kunye neziphumo zebhetri iiyure ezingama-20).
Inqaku lekona a limele ukuphuculwa kokuqala kwemveliso yokuqala, inqaku lekona b limele ukuphuculwa kwesibini, njalo njalo.
Phawula:
1) Yongeza i-D emva kwemodeli ukubonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuqala kobushushu obuphantsi, njenge-6-QA-110D
2) Emva kwemodeli, yongeza i-HD ukubonisa ukuxhathisa kokungcangcazela okuphezulu.
3) Emva kwemodeli, yongeza i-DF ukubonisa ukulayishwa okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa, njenge-6-QA-165DF
B. Japanese JIS ibhetri eqhelekileyo
Ngomnyaka we-1979, imodeli yebhetri esemgangathweni yaseJapan yayimelwe yinkampani yaseJapan N. Inani lokugqibela libukhulu begumbi lebhetri, elichazwe ngumlinganiselo oqikelelweyo webhetri, njenge-NS40ZL:
I-N imele umgangatho we-JIS yaseJapan.
S lithetha ukwenziwa kweminiaturization; oko kukuthi, amandla okwenene angaphantsi kwe-40Ah, i-36Ah.
I-Z ibonisa ukuba inomsebenzi ongcono wokuqalisa wokukhupha phantsi kobukhulu obufanayo.
U-L uthetha ukuba i-electrode e-positive ikwisiphelo sasekhohlo, u-R umele i-electrode echanekileyo ikwisiphelo sasekunene, esifana ne-NS70R (Qaphela: Ukusuka kwicala elikude kwipali yebhetri)
I-S ibonisa ukuba i-pali ye-pali terminal ijiyile kunebhetri yomthamo ofanayo (NS60SL). (Qaphela: Ngokubanzi, iipali zebhetri ezivumayo nezingalunganga zineediameter ezahlukileyo ukuze zingabhideki ibhetri.)
Ngo-1982, Yasebenzisa iimodeli zebhetri ezisemgangathweni zaseJapan ngemigangatho emitsha, efana ne-38B20L (elingana ne-NS40ZL):
38 imele iiparamitha zokusebenza kwebhetri. Xa liphezulu inani, kokukhona ibhetri ingagcina amandla amaninzi.
I-B imele ububanzi kunye nekhowudi yobude bebhetri. Ukudityaniswa kobubanzi nobude bebhetri bumelwe ngoonobumba abasibhozo (A ukuya ku-H). Okukhona uphawu lusondele ku-H, kokukhona ububanzi nobude bebhetri.
Amashumi amabini athetha ukuba ubude bebhetri bumalunga ne-20 cm.
L imele indawo yesiphelo se-terminal. Ngokwembono yebhetri, i-terminal e-positive ikwisiphelo sasekunene esiphawulwe R, kwaye i-terminal e-positive ikwisiphelo sasekhohlo esiphawulwe L.
C. German DIN ibhetri eqhelekileyo
Thatha ibhetri 544 34 njengomzekelo:
Inombolo yokuqala, i-5 ibonisa ukuba umthamo webhetri ulinganiswe ngaphantsi kwe-100Ah; Isithandathu sokuqala sicebisa ukuba umthamo webhetri uphakathi kwe-100Ah kunye ne-200Ah; Ezokuqala ezisixhenxe zibonisa ukuba umthamo webhetri ungaphezulu kwe-200Ah. Ngokutsho kwayo, umthamo olinganisiweyo webhetri ye-54434 ngu-44 Ah; umthamo olinganisiweyo webhetri ye-610 17MF yi-110 Ah; umthamo olinganisiweyo we-700 27 ibhetri yi-200 Ah.
Amanani amabini emva komthamo abonisa inani leqela lobungakanani bebhetri.
I-MF imele uhlobo olungakhathalelwanga.
D. American BCI ibhetri eqhelekileyo
Thatha ibhetri 58430 (12V 430A 80min) njengomzekelo:
I-58 imele inombolo yeqela lobungakanani bebhetri.
I-430 ibonisa ukuba isiqalo esibandayo sangoku yi-430A.
I-80min ithetha ukuba amandla okugcina ibhetri yi-80min.
Ibhetri esemgangathweni yaseMelika inokuchazwa njenge-78-600, i-78 ithetha inombolo yeqela lobungakanani bebhetri, i-600 ithetha ukuba isiqalo esibandayo sangoku yi-600A.
① Kule meko, ezona parameters zobugcisa ze-injini zikhoyo ngoku kunye nobushushu xa injini iqalwa. Umzekelo, ubuncinci bobushushu bokuqala bomatshini bunxulumene nobushushu bokuqala be-injini kunye nomthamo omncinci wokusebenza wokuqalisa kunye nokutshisa. Ubuncinci bexesha elikhoyo ibhetri enokubonelela ngalo xa i-terminal voltage yehla ukuya kwi-7.2V kwimizuzwana engama-30 emva kokuba ibhetri ye-12V igcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukulinganisa kokuqala okubandayo kunika ixabiso elipheleleyo langoku.
② Umthamo wokugcinwa (RC): Xa inkqubo yokutshaja ingasebenzi, ngokukhanyisa ibhetri ebusuku kunye nokubonelela ngomthwalo omncinci wesiphaluka, ixesha eliqikelelwayo ukuba imoto inokuhamba, ngokukodwa: kwi-25 ± 2 ° C, ihlawuliswe ngokupheleleyo kwi-12V. ibhetri, xa i-25a engaguqukiyo yangoku ikhupha, ixesha lokukhutshwa kwamandla ebhetri lihla liye kwi-10.5±0.05V.
4.3 Ibhetri eqhelekileyo
1) Ibhetri eyomileyo
Iibhetri ezomileyo zikwabizwa ngokuba ziibhetri zemanganese-zinc. Into ebizwa ngokuba yibhetri eyomileyo ihambelana nebhetri ye-voltaic. Kwangaxeshanye, i-manganese-zinc ibhekisa kwizinto zayo ezikrwada xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezinjengeebhetri zesilivere zeoxide kunye neebhetri zenickel-cadmium. Umbane webhetri ye-manganese-zinc yi-1.5V. Iibhetri ezomileyo zisebenzisa izinto zekhemikhali ekrwada ukwenza umbane. I-voltage ayiphezulu, kwaye umbane oqhubekayo owenziweyo awukwazi ukudlula i-1A.
2) Ibhetri ye-lead-acid
Iibhetri zogcino yenye yezona bhetri zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Gcwalisa ingqayi yeglasi okanye iplastiki ngeasidi yesulfuric, emva koko ufake iipleyiti zelothe ezimbini, enye iqhagamshelwe kwi-electrode entle yetshaja kwaye enye iqhagamshelwe kwi-electrode engalunganga yetshaja. Emva kweeyure ezingaphezu kweshumi zokutshaja, ibhetri iyakhiwa. Kukho i-voltage ye-volts ezi-2 phakathi kwezibonda zayo ezilungileyo kunye nezibi. Inzuzo yayo kukuba Inokuphinda iyisebenzise. Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuchasana kwayo okuphantsi kwangaphakathi, Inokubonelela ngomsinga omkhulu. Xa isetyenziselwa ukunika amandla injini yemoto, umsinga okhawulezileyo unokufikelela kuma-amperes angama-20. Xa ibhetri itshajiwe, amandla ombane ayagcinwa, kwaye xa ekhutshwa, amandla ekhemikhali aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane.
3) Ibhetri yeLithium
Ibhetri ene-lithium njenge-electrode engalunganga. Luhlobo olutsha lwebhetri ene-eneji ephezulu ephuhliswe emva kweminyaka yoo-1960.
Iingenelo zeebhetri ze-lithium yi-voltage ephezulu yeeseli ezizimeleyo, amandla athile amaninzi, ixesha elide lokugcina (ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-10), kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweqondo lokushisa (elisetyenziswa kwi-40 ukuya kwi-150 ° C). Ububi kukuba iyabiza kwaye ihlwempuzekile kukhuseleko. Ukongeza, i-voltage hysteresis yayo kunye nemiba yokhuseleko kufuneka iphuculwe. Ukuphuhliswa kweebhetri zamandla kunye nezinto ezintsha ze-cathode, ngokukodwa izinto ze-lithium iron phosphate, zenze igalelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni iibhetri ze-lithium.
Isihlanu, isigama
5.1 uMgangatho weSizwe
Umgangatho we-IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ngumbutho wehlabathi jikelele wokubekwa emgangathweni oqulunqwe yiNational Electrotechnical Commission, ejonge ukukhuthaza ukubekwa emgangathweni kwimimandla yombane neye-elektroniki.
Umgangatho weSizwe weebhetri ze-nickel-cadmium GB/T11013 U 1996 GB/T18289 U 2000.
Umgangatho wesizwe weebhetri ze-Ni-MH yi-GB/T15100 GB/T18288 U 2000.
Umgangatho wesizwe weebhetri ze-lithium yi-GB/T10077 1998YD/T998; 1999, GB/T18287 U 2000.
Ukongeza, imigangatho yebhetri ngokubanzi ibandakanya imigangatho ye-JIS C kunye nemigangatho yebhetri esekwe nguSanyo Matsushita.
Ushishino lwebhetri ngokubanzi lusekwe kwimigangatho yeSanyo okanye yePanasonic.
5.2 Ibhetri ingqiqo
1) Ukutshaja okuqhelekileyo
Iibhetri ezahlukeneyo zineempawu zazo. Umsebenzisi kufuneka atshaje ibhetri ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi kuba ukutshaja ngokuchanekileyo nangengqiqo kuya kunceda ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri.
2) Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza
Ezinye iitshaja ezizenzekelayo ezizenzekelayo, ezikhawulezayo zinokukhanya kwesalathisi ngama-90% kuphela xa isignali yesalathisi itshintsha. Itshaja iya kuzitshintshela kwitshaji ecothayo ukuze itshaje ibhetri ngokupheleleyo. Abasebenzisi kufuneka batshaje ibhetri ngaphambi kokuba luncedo; kungenjalo, Iya kunciphisa ixesha lokusetyenziswa.
3) Impembelelo
Ukuba ibhetri ibhetri ye-nickel-cadmium, ukuba ayihlawuliswanga ngokupheleleyo okanye ikhutshwe ixesha elide, iya kushiya umkhondo kwibhetri kwaye inciphise amandla ebhetri. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yimpembelelo yememori yebhetri.
4) Cima inkumbulo
Hlaziya ibhetri ngokupheleleyo emva kokuyikhupha ukuphelisa umphumo wememori yebhetri. Ukongeza, lawula ixesha ngokwemiyalelo ekwincwadana, kwaye uphinde uhlawule kwaye ukhulule kabini okanye kathathu.
5) Ukugcinwa kwebhetri
Iyakwazi ukugcina iibhetri ze-lithium kwindawo ecocekileyo, eyomileyo, kunye negumbi elinomoya opholileyo kunye nobushushu obuphakathi kwe-5 ° C ukuya kuma-35 ° C kunye nokufuma okuhambelanayo okungekho ngaphezu kwe-75%. Kuphephe ukudibana nezinto ezidlekayo kwaye uzigcine kude nomlilo nemithombo yobushushu. Amandla ebhetri agcinwa kwi-30% ukuya kwi-50% yomthamo olinganisiweyo, kwaye ibhetri ihlawuliswa kakuhle kanye kwiinyanga ezintandathu.
Qaphela: ukubala ixesha lokutshaja
1) Xa umsinga wokutshaja ungaphantsi okanye ulingana ne-5% yomthamo webhetri:
Ixesha lokutshaja (iiyure) = umthamo webhetri (iiyure ze-milliamp) × 1.6÷ yangoku yokutshaja (ii-milliamps)
2) Xa ukutshaja kwangoku kubaluleke ngakumbi kune-5% yomthamo webhetri kwaye ingaphantsi okanye ilingana ne-10%:
Ixesha lokutshaja (iiyure) = umthamo webhetri (iyure ye-mA) × 1.5% ÷ umsinga wokutshaja (mA)
3) Xa umsinga wokutshaja mkhulu kune-10% yomthamo webhetri kwaye ungaphantsi okanye ulingana ne-15%:
Ixesha lokutshaja (iiyure) = umthamo webhetri (iiyure ze-milliamp) × 1.3÷ yangoku yokutshaja (ii-milliamps)
4) Xa umsinga wokutshaja mkhulu kune-15% yomthamo webhetri kwaye ungaphantsi okanye ulingana ne-20%:
Ixesha lokutshaja (iiyure) = umthamo webhetri (iiyure ze-milliamp) × 1.2÷ yangoku yokutshaja (ii-milliamps)
5) Xa ukutshaja kwangoku kudlula i-20% yomthamo webhetri:
Ixesha lokutshaja (iiyure) = umthamo webhetri (iiyure ze-milliamp) × 1.1÷ yangoku yokutshaja (ii-milliamps)
5.3 Ukukhetha ibhetri
Thenga iimveliso zebhetri ezinophawu kuba umgangatho wezi mveliso uqinisekisiwe.
Ngokweemfuno zezixhobo zombane, khetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwebhetri kunye nobukhulu.
Nika ingqalelo ekujongeni umhla wemveliso yebhetri kunye nexesha lokuphelelwa kwayo.
Nika ingqalelo ukujonga inkangeleko yebhetri kwaye ukhethe ibhetri epakishwe kakuhle, ibhetri ecocekileyo, ecocekileyo, nengavuziyo.
Nceda ubeke ingqalelo kwi-alkaline okanye uphawu lwe-LR xa uthenga iibhetri ze-alkaline zinc-manganese.
Ngenxa yokuba i-mercury kwibhetri iyingozi kwindalo, kufuneka ihlawule ingqalelo kumagama athi "Akukho Mercury" kunye ne "0% Mercury" ebhalwe kwibhetri ukukhusela indalo.
5.4 Ukurisayikilishwa kwebhetri
Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo kwiibhetri zenkunkuma kwihlabathi jikelele: ukuqinisa kunye nokungcwaba, ukugcinwa kwimigodi yenkunkuma, kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe.
Ingcwatywe kumgodi wenkunkuma emva kokuqiniswa
Umzekelo, umzi-mveliso waseFransi ukhupha i-nickel kunye ne-cadmium emva koko usebenzise i-nickel ekwenzeni intsimbi, kwaye i-cadmium iphinda isetyenziswe ukuvelisa ibhetri. Iibhetri zenkunkuma zihanjiswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma ezinetyhefu ekhethekileyo kunye neziyingozi, kodwa le ndlela iyabiza kwaye ibangela inkunkuma yomhlaba. Ukongezelela, izinto ezininzi ezixabisekileyo zinokusetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza.
(1) Unyango lobushushu
(2) Ukulungiswa kwamanzi
(3) Ukunyanga ubushushu be-vacuum
Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa malunga neentlobo zebhetri.
Iibhetri zohlulwe zibe ziibhetri ezingahlaziyo (iibhetri eziziiprayimari) kunye neebhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona (iibhetri zesibini).
Ibhetri eyomileyo yibhetri engakwaziyo ukutshajwa kwaye ikwabizwa ngokuba yeyona bhetri iphambili. Iibhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona zikwabizwa ngokuba ziibhetri zesibini kwaye zinokutshajwa inani eliqingqiweyo lamaxesha. Iibhetri eziziiprayimari okanye iibhetri ezomileyo ziyilelwe ukuba zisetyenziswe kube kanye emva koko zilahlwe.
Kodwa owona mahluko ubalulekileyo kubukhulu kuba iibhetri zibizwa ngokuba yi-AA kunye ne-AAA ngenxa yobukhulu kunye nobukhulu bazo. . . Sisichongi nje sokuqukuqela kobungakanani obunikiweyo kunye nomthamo olinganisiweyo wombane. Iibhetri ze-AAA zincinci kuneebhetri ze-AA.
ibhetri ye-lithium-polymer
Iibhetri ze-lithium polymer zineempawu ezintle zokukhupha. Banokusebenza okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuqinileyo, kunye namanqanaba aphantsi okuzikhupha. Oku kuthetha ukuba ibhetri ayisayi kuphuma kakhulu xa ingasetyenziswa. Kwakhona, funda iiNzuzo ezisi-8 zokuQothulwa kwee-smartphones ze-Android ngo-2020!
Ubungakanani bebhetri eqhelekileyo
iibhetri AA. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "Double-A," iibhetri ze-AA ngoku zezona bhetri zidumileyo. . .
AAA iibhetri. Iibhetri zeAAA zikwabizwa ngokuba yi "AAA" kwaye yeyesibini ibhetri ethandwa kakhulu. . .
AAAA ibhetri
Ibhetri ye-C
D ibhetri
Ibhetri ye-9V
CR123A ibhetri
23A ibhetri
phendula kwiiyure ezi-6, nayiphi na imibuzo yamkelekile!
