Ibhetri yeLithium iphumelele iBhaso leNobel kwiChemistry yowama-2019!

I-2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry yanikezelwa kuJohn B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, kunye no-Akira Yoshino ngegalelo labo kwintsimi yeebhetri ze-lithium.

Ukujonga emva kwi-1901-2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Kwi-1901, uJacobs Henriks Vantov (eNetherlands): "Ufumene imithetho ye-chemical kinetics kunye noxinzelelo lwe-osmotic yesisombululo."

Ngo-1902, uHermann Fischer (eJamani): "Sebenzisa kwi-synthesis yeswekile kunye ne-purines."

Kwi-1903, uSfant August Arrhenius (eSweden): "Ucebise ingcamango ye-ionization."

Ngo-1904, uMhlekazi uWilliam Ramsey (e-UK): "Ufumene izinto zegesi ezihloniphekileyo emoyeni kwaye zamisela indawo yazo kwi-periodic table yezinto."

Ngo-1905, uAdolf von Bayer (eJamani): "Uphando lwedayi eziphilayo kunye ne-hydrogenated aromatics compounds lukhuthaze ukuphuhliswa kwe-organic chemistry kunye neshishini lemichiza."

Ngowe-1906, uHenry Moissan (eFransi): "Uphande kwaye wahlula i-fluorine element, kwaye wasebenzisa isithando sombane esibizwa ngegama lakhe."

Ngo-1907, u-Edward Buchner (eJamani): "Sebenzisa kuPhando lwe-Biochemical and Discovery of Cell-Free Fermentation."

Kwi-1908, u-Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Phanda malunga nokuguqulwa kwezinto kunye ne-radiochemistry."

Ngo-1909, uWilhelm Ostwald (eJamani): "Umsebenzi wophando kwi-catalysis kunye nemigaqo esisiseko yokulingana kweekhemikhali kunye nesantya sokuphendula kweekhemikhali."

Kwi-1910, u-Otto Wallach (eJamani): "Umsebenzi wobuvulindlela kwintsimi ye-alicyclic compounds wakhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwe-organic chemistry kunye neshishini lemichiza."

Ngomnyaka we-1911, uMarie Curie (ePoland): "ufumene izakhi ze-radium kunye nepolonium, i-radium ecocekileyo kwaye yafunda iipropathi zale nto inqabileyo kunye neekhompawundi zayo."

Kwi-1912, uVictor Grignard (eFransi): "Wasungula i-reagent yeGrignard";

UPaul Sabatier (eFransi): "Waqulunqa indlela ye-hydrogenation ye-organic compounds phambi komgubo wentsimbi."

Ngowe-1913, uAlfred Werner (eSwitzerland): "Uphononongo lokudityaniswa kwe-athomu kwiimolekyuli, ngokukodwa kwintsimi ye-inorganic chemistry."

Ngowe-1914, uTheodore William Richards (eUnited States): "Ukumiselwa ngokuchanekileyo kobunzima beathom yenani elikhulu lemichiza."

Ngowe-1915, uRichard Wilstedt (eJamani): "Uphononongo lwemibala yezityalo, ngakumbi ukufundwa kweklorofili."

Ngowe-1916, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngowe-1917, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngowe-1918, uFritz Haber eJamani "uphando malunga nokuhlanganiswa kwe-ammonia kwizinto ezilula."

Ngowe-1919, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngo-1920, uWalter Nernst (eJamani): "Isifundo se-thermochemistry."

Ngomnyaka we-1921, uFrederick Soddy (e-UK): "Igalelo ekuqondeni kwabantu kwiimpawu zekhemikhali zezixhobo ze-radioactive, kunye nokufundwa kwemvelaphi kunye neempawu ze-isotopes."

Ngowe-1922, uFrancis Aston (UK): "Inani elikhulu le-isotopes yezinto ezingenayo i-radioactive zafunyanwa kusetyenziswa i-spectrometer enkulu, kwaye umthetho wee-integers wacaciswa."

Ngowe-1923, uFritz Pregel (Austria): "Yenza indlela ye-microanalysis ye-organic compounds."

Ngowe-1924, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngomnyaka we-1925, uRichard Adolf Sigmund (eJamani): "Wacacisa uhlobo olungafaniyo lwezisombululo ze-colloidal kunye nokudala iindlela zokuhlalutya ezinxulumene nazo."

Ngomnyaka we-1926, uTeodor Svedberg (eSweden): "Ukufunda kwiinkqubo eziphantsi kolawulo."

Ngowe-1927, uHeinrich Otto Wieland (eJamani): "Uphando malunga nesakhiwo se-bile acids kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo."

Ngo-1928, uAdolf Wendaus (eJamani): "Funda ngesakhiwo se-steroids kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye namavithamini."

Kwi-1929, u-Arthur Harden (e-UK), uHans von Euler-Cherpin (eJamani): "Izifundo malunga nokuvuthwa kweeshukela kunye ne-enzymes yokuvumba."

Ngowe-1930, uHans Fischer (eJamani): "Uphononongo lokubunjwa kwe-heme kunye ne-chlorophyll, ngokukodwa ukufundwa kwe-synthesis ye-heme."

Ngowe-1931, uKarl Bosch (eJamani), uFriedrich Bergius (eJamani): "Ukuqulunqa kunye nokuphuhlisa iteknoloji yeekhemikhali eziphezulu zoxinzelelo."

Ngowe-1932, u-Irving Lanmere (e-USA): "UPhando kunye noFundo lwe-Surface Chemistry."

Ngowe-1933, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngowe-1934, uHarold Clayton Yuri (eUnited States): "wafumanisa i-hydrogen enzima."

Ngowe-1935, uFrederic Yorio-Curie (eFransi), u-Irene Yorio-Curie (eFransi): "Izinto ezitsha ezenziwe nge-radioactive."

Ngo-1936, uPeter Debye (eNetherlands): "Ukuqonda isakhiwo se-molecular ngokusebenzisa ukufundwa kwexesha le-dipole kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-X-rays kunye nee-electron kwiigesi."

Ngo-1937, uWalter Haworth (UK): "Uphando kwiiCarbohydrates kunye neVithamini C";

UPaul Keller (eSwitzerland): "Uphando malunga ne-carotenoids, i-flavin, i-vitamin A kunye ne-vitamin B2".

Ngowe-1938, uRichard Kuhn (eJamani): "Phanda kwi-carotenoids kunye neevithamini."

Ngowe-1939, uAdolf Butnant (eJamani): "Phanda kwihomoni zesini";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Uphando kwi-polymethylene kunye ne-terpenes ephezulu."

Ngowe-1940, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngowe-1941, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngowe-1942, akuzange kunikezelwe mbasa.

Ngomnyaka we-1943, uGeorge Dehevesi (eHungary): "I-Isotopes isetyenziswe njengabalandeleli ekufundeni iinkqubo zamakhemikhali."

Ngo-1944, u-Otto Hahn (eJamani): "Fumana ukuqhekeka kwenyukliya enzima."

Kwi-1945, i-Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (eFinland): "Uphando kunye nokuveliswa kwezolimo kunye nekhemistri yezondlo, ngakumbi indlela yokugcina ukutya."

Ngomnyaka we-1946, uJames B. Sumner (USA): "Kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-enzymes inokuthi i-crystallized";

UJohn Howard Northrop (eUnited States), uWendell Meredith Stanley (eUnited States): "Ukulungiselela i-enzymes ephezulu yokucoceka kunye neeprotheni zentsholongwane."

Kwi-1947, uSir Robert Robinson (UK): "Uphando kwiimveliso zezityalo ezibalulekileyo zebhayoloji, ngakumbi i-alkaloids."

Kwi-1948, u-Arne Tisselius (eSweden): "Uphando kwi-electrophoresis kunye nohlalutyo lwe-adsorption, ngokukodwa kwimeko enzima yeeprotheni ze-serum."

Ngowe-1949, uWilliam Geok (eUnited States): "Igalelo kwinkalo ye-thermodynamics yemichiza, ngakumbi ukufundwa kwezinto eziphantsi kobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu."

Kwi-1950, u-Otto Diels (eNtshona Jamani), uKurt Alder (eNtshona Jamani): "wafumanisa kwaye aphuhlise indlela ye-diene synthesis."

Kwi-1951, u-Edwin Macmillan (eUnited States), uGlenn Theodore Seaborg (eUnited States): "ufumene izinto ezinqamlekileyo."

Kwi-1952, u-Archer uJohn Porter Martin (e-UK), uRichard Lawrence Millington Singer (e-UK): "Waqulunqa i-chromatography yokwahlula."

Ngo-1953, uHermann Staudinger (eNtshona Jamani): "Ukufunyaniswa kophando kwintsimi ye-polymer chemistry."

I-1954, uLinus Pauling (e-USA): "Uphononongo lweepropati zeebhondi zemichiza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ekucacisweni kwesakhiwo sezinto ezinzima."

Kwi-1955, uVincent Divinho (e-USA): "Uphando kwiikhompawundi ezinesulfure ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical, ngokukodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwehomoni ye-peptide okokuqala."

Ngo-1956, uCyril Hinshelwood (UK) kunye noNikolai Semenov (eSoviet Union): "Uphando kwindlela yokwenza imichiza."

Ngo-1957, u-Alexander R. Todd (e-UK): "Usebenza kwisifundo se-nucleotides kunye ne-nucleotide coenzymes."

Ngo-1958, uFrederick Sanger (UK): "Uphononongo lwesakhiwo seprotheni kunye nokubunjwa, ngakumbi ukufundwa kwe-insulin."

Ngowe-1959, uJaroslav Herovsky (iRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech): "wafumanisa kwaye waphuhlisa indlela yokuhlalutya i-polarographic."

Ngo-1960, uWillard Libby (eUnited States): "Kwaqulunqwa indlela yokuthandana kusetyenziswa i-carbon 14 isotope, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-archaeology, geology, geophysics, kunye nezinye iinkalo."

Ngowe-1961, uMelvin Calvin (eUnited States): "Uphando ngokufunxwa kwekharbon diokside zizityalo."

Kwi-1962, uMax Perutz UK kunye noJohn Kendrew UK "uphando malunga nesakhiwo seeprotheni ezijikelezayo."

Ngo-1963, uCarl Ziegler (eNtshona Jamani), uGurio Natta (eItali): "Iziphumo zophando kwintsimi ye-polymer chemistry kunye neteknoloji."

Kwi-1964, uDorothy Crawford Hodgkin (e-UK): "Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-X-ray ukuhlalutya isakhiwo sezinto ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical."

Ngowe-1965, uRobert Burns Woodward (USA): "Impumelelo eNgqwesileyo kwi-Organic Synthesis."

Ngowe-1966, uRobert Mulliken (USA): "Uphando olusisiseko kwiibhondi zemichiza kunye nesakhiwo se-elektroniki seemolekyuli zisebenzisa indlela ye-molecular orbital."

Kwi-1967, uManfred Eigen (eNtshona Jamani), uRonald George Rayford Norris (e-UK), uGeorge Porter (e-UK): "Ukusebenzisa i-pulse yamandla emfutshane ukulungelelanisa ukusabela Indlela yokuphazamiseka, ukufundwa kweekhemikhali ezikhawulezayo."

Ngo-1968, uLars Onsager (e-USA): "wafumanisa ubudlelwane bokubuyelana obuthiywe emva kwakhe, ebeka isiseko se-thermodynamics yeenkqubo ezingenakuguqulwa."

Kwi-1969, uDerek Barton (UK), u-Odd Hassel (eNorway): "Kuphuhliswe ingcamango yokuhambelana kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwi-chemistry."

Kwi-1970, uLuiz Federico Leloire (waseArgentina): "ufumene i-nucleotides yeswekile kunye nendima yabo kwi-biosynthesis ye-carbohydrates."

Ngo-1971, uGerhard Herzberg (eCanada): "Uphando malunga nesakhiwo sombane kunye nejometri yeemolekyuli, ngokukodwa i-radicals yamahhala."

Ngo-1972, uChristian B. Anfinson (eUnited States): "Uphando nge-ribonuclease, ngakumbi uphononongo lobudlelwane phakathi kokulandelelana kwayo kwe-amino acid kunye ne-biologically active conformation";

UStanford Moore (eUnited States), uWilliam Howard Stein (eUnited States): "Funda malunga nobudlelwane phakathi komsebenzi we-catalytic weziko elisebenzayo le-ribonuclease molekyuli kunye nesakhiwo sayo sekhemikhali."

Ngo-1973, u-Ernst Otto Fischer (eNtshona Jamani) kunye noJeffrey Wilkinson (e-UK): "Ubuvulindlela bophando kwiipropati zemichiza ye-metal-organic compounds, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sandwich compounds."

I-1974, uPaul Flory (e-USA): "Uphando olusisiseko kwithiyori kunye novavanyo lwe-polymer physical chemistry."

Ngo-1975, uJohn Conforth (UK): "Funda nge-stereochemistry ye-enzyme-catalyzed reactions."

UVladimir Prelog (eSwitzerland): "Funda nge-stereochemistry ye-organic molecules kunye nokuphendula";

Ngo-1976, uWilliam Lipscomb (eUnited States): "Uphononongo lwesakhiwo se-borane sachaza ingxaki yokubambisana kweekhemikhali."

Kwi-1977, u-Ilya Prigogine (eBelgium): "Igalelo kwi-thermodynamics engekho-equilibrium, ngakumbi i-theory of dissipative structure."

Kwi-1978, uPeter Mitchell (UK): "Ukusebenzisa i-formula ye-theory ye-chemical permeation ukufaka isandla ekuqondeni ukuhanjiswa kwamandla e-biological."

Kwi-1979, uHerbert Brown (e-USA) kunye noGeorg Wittig (eNtshona Jamani): "Ukuphuhliswa kwe-boron-containing and phosphorus-containing compounds njengama-reagents abalulekileyo kwi-organic synthesis, ngokulandelanayo."

Ngowe-1980, uPaul Berg (eUnited States): "Uphononongo lwe-biochemistry ye-nucleic acids, ngakumbi ukufundwa kwe-DNA edibeneyo";

UWalter Gilbert (US), uFrederick Sanger (UK): "Iindlela zokuQinisekisa ukulandelelana kwesiseko se-DNA kwi-Nucleic Acids."

Ngo-1981, uKenichi Fukui (eJapan) kunye noRod Hoffman (e-USA): "Cacisa ukwenzeka kweekhemikhali zokusabela ngophuhliso lwabo oluzimeleyo lweethiyori."

Kwi-1982, u-Aaron Kluger (e-UK): "Uphuhliswe i-crystal electron microscopy kwaye wafunda isakhiwo se-nucleic acid-protein complexes kunye nokubaluleka kwebhayoloji."

Ngo-1983, uHenry Taub (e-USA): "Uphando malunga nendlela yokuphendula ukuhanjiswa kwe-electron ngokukodwa kwiikhompleksi zetsimbi."

Kwi-1984, uRobert Bruce Merrifield (e-USA): "Kwaphuhliswa indlela yokudibanisa imichiza yesigaba esiqinileyo."

Kwi-1985, uHerbert Hauptman (eUnited States), uJerome Carr (eUnited States): "Iimpumelelo ezigqwesileyo ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezithe ngqo zokumisela isakhiwo se-crystal."

Ngowe-1986, uDudley Hirschbach (eUnited States), uLi Yuanzhe (eUnited States), uJohn Charles Polanyi (eKhanada): “Igalelo kuhlolisiso lwenkqubo yekinetic yokusabela kwemichiza esisiseko.”

Ngo-1987, uDonald Kramm (eUnited States), uJean-Marie Lane (eFransi), uCharles Pedersen (eUnited States): "Iimolekyuli eziphuhlisiwe nezisetyenziswayo ezikwazi ukukhetha ukusebenzisana okuthe ngqo kwisakhiwo."

Ngowe-1988, uJohn Dysenhofer (eNtshona Jamani), uRobert Huber (eNtshona Jamani), uHartmut Michel (eNtshona Jamani): “Ukumiselwa kwesakhiwo esinamacala amathathu kwiziko le-photosynthetic reaction.

Ngowe-1989, uSydney Altman (eKhanada), uThomas Cech (e-USA): "wafumanisa iimpawu ze-RNA."

Kwi-1990, u-Elias James Corey (eUnited States): "Uphuhliswe ithiyori kunye ne-methodology ye-organic synthesis."

Ngo-1991, uRichard Ernst (eSwitzerland): "Igalelo ekuphuhliseni i-high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) iindlela ze-spectroscopy."

Ngo-1992, uRudolph Marcus (USA): "Igalelo kwithiyori ye-electron transfer reactions in chemical systems."

Kwi-1993, uKelly Mullis (USA): "Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zophando lweekhemikhali ezisekelwe kwi-DNA kunye nokuphuhlisa i-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)";

UMichael Smith (eCanada): "Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zophando lweekhemikhali ezisekelwe kwi-DNA, kwaye negalelo ekusekweni kwe-oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis kunye negalelo layo elibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni uphando lweprotheni."

Kwi-1994, uGeorge Andrew Euler (eUnited States): "Igalelo kuphando lwe-carbocation chemistry."

Kwi-1995, uPaul Crutzen (eNetherlands), uMario Molina (e-US), uFrank Sherwood Rowland (e-US): "Uphando nge-chemistry ye-atmospheric, ngakumbi uphando malunga nokusekwa kunye nokubola kwe-ozone."

I-1996 uRobert Cole (eUnited States), uHarold Kroto (eUnited Kingdom), uRichard Smalley (eUnited States): "Fumana i-fullerene."

Ngo-1997, uPaul Boyer (e-USA), uJohn Walker (e-UK), uJens Christian Sko (eDenmark): "Icaciswe indlela ye-enzymatic catalytic in synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Kwi-1998, uWalter Cohen (e-USA): "ithiyori esebenzayo yoxinaniso olusekiweyo";

UJohn Pope (UK): Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zokubala kwi-quantum chemistry.

Kwi-1999, u-Yamid Ziwell (i-Egypt): "Funda ngeemeko zokutshintsha kweekhemikhali ze-chemical reactions usebenzisa i-spectroscopy ye-femtosecond."

Kwi-2000, u-Alan Haig (eUnited States), uMcDelmead (eUnited States), uHideki Shirakawa (eJapan): "wafumanisa kwaye aphuhliswe iipolymers conductive."

Kwi-2001, uWilliam Standish Knowles (US) kunye noNoyori Ryoji (eJapan): "Uphando kwiChiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

UBarry Sharpless (USA): "Funda ngeChiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Ngo-2002, uJohn Bennett Finn (USA) kunye noKoichi Tanaka (eJapan): "Iindlela eziphuhlisiwe zokuchongwa kunye nohlalutyo lwesakhiwo se-biological macromolecules, kwaye yaseka indlela ye-ionization ye-soft desorption yohlalutyo lwe-mass spectrometry ye-biological macromolecules";

UKurt Wittrich (eSwitzerland): "Iindlela eziphuhlisiwe zokuchonga kunye nohlalutyo lwesakhiwo se-biological macromolecules, kwaye yaseka indlela yokuhlalutya ukwakheka kwe-biological macromolecules kwisisombululo ngokusebenzisa i-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy."

Kwi-2003, uPeter Agre (e-USA): "Uphononongo lweeshaneli ze-ion kwi-cell membranes zifumene imigudu yamanzi";

URoderick McKinnon (eUnited States): "Uphononongo lweeshaneli ze-ion kwiimbumba zeeseli, ukufundwa kwesakhiwo somzila we-ion kunye nomatshini."

Kwi-2004, u-Aaron Chehanovo (uSirayeli), u-Avram Hershko (uSirayeli), u-Owen Ross (US): "ufumene ukuchithwa kweprotheyini ye-ubiquitin-mediated."

Kwi-2005, uYves Chauvin (eFransi), uRobert Grubb (US), uRichard Schrock (US): "Uqulunqa indlela ye-metathesis kwi-organic synthesis."

Kwi-2006, uRoger Kornberg (e-USA): "Uphando kwi-molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription."

I-2007, uGerhard Eter (eJamani): "Uphando malunga nenkqubo yeekhemikhali zeendawo eziqinileyo."

Kwi-2008, uShimomura Osamu (eJapan), uMartin Chalfie (eUnited States), uQian Yongjian (eUnited States): "Kufunyenwe kwaye kulungiswe iprotheni ye-fluorescent eluhlaza (GFP)."

Kwi-2009, uVenkatraman Ramakrishnan (e-UK), uThomas Steitz (e-USA), u-Ada Jonat (uSirayeli): "Uphando malunga nesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi we-ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Uphando kwi-Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

Kwi-2011, uDaniel Shechtman (uSirayeli): "Ukufunyanwa kwee-quasicrystals."

Kwi-2012, uRobert Lefkowitz, uBryan Kebirka (eUnited States): "Uphando kwi-G protein-coupled receptors."

Kwi-2013, uMartin Capras (eUnited States), uMichael Levitt (eUnited Kingdom), uYale Vachel: Imodeli eyilwe ngeendlela ezininzi zeekhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kwi-2014, u-Eric Bezig (eUnited States), uStefan W. Hull (eJamani), uWilliam Esko Molnar (eUnited States): Impumelelo kwintsimi ye-super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Kwi-2015, uThomas Lindahl (eSweden), uPaul Modric (e-USA), u-Aziz Sanjar (eTurkey): Uphando kwindlela yeselula yokulungiswa kwe-DNA.

Kwi-2016, uJean-Pierre Sova (eFransi), uJames Fraser Stuart (e-UK / US), uBernard Felinga (eNetherlands): Uyilo kunye nokudibanisa koomatshini bee-molecular.

Kwi-2017, uJacques Dubochet (eSwitzerland), u-Achim Frank (eJamani), uRichard Henderson (e-UK): i-cryo-electron microscopes yaphuhliswa kwi-high-resolution structure ukuzimisela kwe-biomolecules kwisisombululo.

Isiqingatha seebhaso ze-2018 zanikezelwa kwisazinzulu saseMelika uFrances H. Arnold (uFrances H. Arnold) ekuqapheliseni kwakhe ukuguqulwa kwe-enzymes echanekileyo; esinye isiqingatha sanikezelwa kwizazinzulu zaseMelika (uGeorge P. Smith) kunye nesazinzulu saseBritani uGregory P. Winter (uGregory P. Winter) ekuqapheliseni Baye baqaphela iteknoloji yokubonisa i-phage yeepeptides kunye ne-antibodies.