By hoppt
Ukuqonda isizathu okanye indlela yokungaphumeleli kweebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwebhetri kunye nokuveliswa kwayo okukhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa. Eli nqaku lixubusha imiphumo yokungcola, iindlela zokubumba, iimeko zokugcina, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, ukuhlawuliswa, kunye nokukhutshwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwibhetri.
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, abasebenzi, izixhobo, izinto ezikrwada, iindlela, kunye nokusingqongileyo zizinto eziphambili ezichaphazela umgangatho wemveliso. Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-LiFePO4 iibhetri zamandla, abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo ziphantsi kobubanzi bolawulo, ngoko ke sixubusha kakhulu ngemiphumo emithathu yokugqibela.
Ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-LiFePO4, kuya kuba nenani elincinci lokungcola njenge-Fe2O3 kunye ne-Fe. Oku kungcola kuya kuncitshiswa kumphezulu we-electrode engalunganga kwaye kunokugqobhoza i-diaphragm kwaye kubangele isiphaluka esifutshane sangaphakathi. Xa i-LiFePO4 ibonakaliswe emoyeni ixesha elide, ukufuma kuya kuyenza ibe mandundu ibhetri. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuguga, i-amorphous iron phosphate yenziwa kumphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo. Ukubunjwa kwayo kwendawo kunye nesakhiwo sifana neLiFePO4 (OH); kunye nokufakwa kwe-OH, i-LiFePO4 isetyenziswe ngokuqhubekayo, Ibonakaliswe njengokunyuka komthamo; kamva yahlaziywa kancinane ukwenza i-LiFePO4 (OH). Ukungcola kwe-Li3PO4 kwi-LiFePO4 yi-electrochemically inert. Ukuphakama kobumdaka be-anode yegraphite, kokukhona ilahleko yesakhono engenakuguqulwa.
Ilahleko engenakulungiseka ye-lithium ion esebenzayo iboniswa kuqala kwi-lithium ion esetyenzisiweyo ngelixa isenza i-electrolyte interfacial membrane eqinileyo. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba ukonyusa ubushushu bokwakheka kuya kubangela ilahleko engenakubuyiseka ye-lithium ion. Xa ubushushu bokwakheka bunyuswa, ubungakanani bezinto ezingaphiliyo kwifilimu ye-SEI ziya kwanda. Igesi ekhutshwe ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwe-organic part ROCO2Li ukuya kwi-inorganic component Li2CO3 iya kubangela iziphene ezininzi kwifilimu ye-SEI. Inani elikhulu leeion ze-lithium ezisonjululwe zezi ziphene ziya kufakwa kwi-electrode yegraphite engalunganga.
Ngethuba lokubunjwa, ukubunjwa kunye nobukhulu befilimu ye-SEI eyenziwe ngokutshaja okuphantsi-yangoku ifanayo kodwa ichitha ixesha; ukutshaja okuphezulu kwangoku kuya kubangela ukusabela okungaphezulu ukuba kwenzeke, okukhokelela ekwandeni kwelahleko ye-lithium-ion engaguqukiyo kunye ne-impedance ye-electrode engalunganga yojongano nayo iya kwanda, kodwa igcina ixesha. Ixesha; Kule mihla, imowudi yokwakheka yangoku encinci engaguqukiyo yangoku-inkulu yangoku engaguqukiyo kunye nevolthi engaguqukiyo isetyenziswa rhoqo ukuze ithathele ingqalelo izibonelelo zazo zombini.
Kwimveliso yangempela, ibhetri iya kuqhagamshelana nomoya ngenxa yokuba izinto ezintle kunye nezingalunganga ziyi-micron okanye i-nano-sized particles, kwaye iimolekyuli ezinyibilikayo kwi-electrolyte zinamaqela amakhulu e-electronegative carbonyl kunye ne-metastable carbon-carbon double bond. Zonke zifunxa lula ukufuma emoyeni.
Iimolekyuli zamanzi zisabela ngetyuwa ye-lithium (ingakumbi i-LiPF6) kwi-electrolyte, ebolisa kwaye idle i-electrolyte (ibola ukwenza i-PF5) kwaye ivelise i-acidic substance HF. Bobabini i-PF5 kunye ne-HF iya kutshabalalisa ifilimu ye-SEI, kwaye i-HF iya kukhuthaza ukubola kwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-LiFePO4. Iimolekyuli zamanzi ziya kuphinda zenze i-lithium-intercalated graphite negative electrode, zenze i-lithium hydroxide ezantsi kwefilimu ye-SEI. Ukongeza, i-O2 echithwe kwi-electrolyte iya kukhawulezisa ukuguga iibhetri zeLiFePO4.
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ngaphezu kwenkqubo yokuvelisa echaphazela ukusebenza kwebhetri, izinto eziphambili ezibangela ukungaphumeleli kwebhetri yamandla e-LiFePO4 ziquka ukungcola kwizinto eziluhlaza (kubandakanywa namanzi) kunye nenkqubo yokwakheka, ngoko ke ukucoceka kwebhetri. izinto eziphathekayo, ulawulo lokufuma kokusingqongileyo, indlela yokwenza, njl njl. Izinto zibalulekile.
Ngethuba lobomi benkonzo yebhetri yamandla, ixesha elininzi likwimo yeshelufu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, emva kwexesha elide le-shelf, ukusebenza kwebhetri kuya kuncipha, ngokuqhelekileyo kubonisa ukunyuka kwangaphakathi, ukuhla kwamandla ombane, kunye nokunciphisa umthamo wokukhupha. Izinto ezininzi ezibangela ukuthotywa kokusebenza kwebhetri, apho ubushushu, ubume bentlawulo, kunye nexesha zezona zinto zibonakalayo zinempembelelo.
Kassem et al. uhlalutye ukuguga kweebhetri zamandla e-LiFePO4 phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokugcina. Babekholelwa ukuba indlela yokuguga ikakhulu yindlela yokusabela kwecala lee-electrode ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. I-electrolyte (xa kuthelekiswa nempendulo yecala le-electrode efanelekileyo, ukuphendulwa kwecala le-electrode ye-graphite engathandekiyo inzima, ngokuyinhloko ibangelwa yi-solvent. Ukubola, ukukhula kwefilimu ye-SEI) idla i-lithium ion esebenzayo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukunyanzeliswa okupheleleyo kwebhetri kwanda, ukulahlekelwa kwe-lithium ion esebenzayo kukhokelela ekugugeni kwebhetri xa ishiywe. Ukulahlekelwa kwamandla eebhetri zamandla e-LiFePO4 kwandisa ngokunyuka kobushushu bokugcina. Ngokwahlukileyo, njengoko imeko yokugcinwa kwentlawulo inyuka, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kuncinci.
Grolleau et al. kwakhona kwafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo: ubushushu bokugcina bunempembelelo ebaluleke ngakumbi ekuguga kweebhetri zamandla e-LiFePO4, zilandelwa yimeko yokugcinwa kwentlawulo, kwaye imodeli elula icetywayo. Iyakwazi ukuxela kwangaphambili ukulahleka kwamandla ebhetri yamandla e-LiFePO4 ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezinxulumene nexesha lokugcina (ubushushu kunye nesimo sentlawulo). Kwimeko ethile ye-SOC, njengoko ixesha leshelufu linyuka, i-lithium kwigraphite iya kusasazeka kwinqanaba, yenze i-compound eyinkimbinkimbi kunye ne-electrolyte kunye nee-electron, okukhokelela ekunyuseni komlinganiselo we-lithium ion ezingenakuguqulwa, ukuqina kwe-SEI, kunye ne-conductivity. Ukwanda kokuphazamiseka okubangelwa kukwehla (amalungu e-inorganic ayanda, kwaye amanye anethuba lokuphinda anyibilike) kunye nokuncipha komsebenzi womphezulu we-electrode kunye kubangela ukuguga kwebhetri.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yokutshaja okanye i-dischaging state, i-calorimetry yokuskena eyahlukileyo ayizange ifumane nayiphi na impendulo phakathi kwe-LiFePO4 kunye ne-electrolyte eyahlukeneyo (i-electrolyte yi-LiBF4, i-LiAsF6, okanye i-LiPF6) kwiqondo lokushisa ukusuka kwiqondo lokushisa ukuya kwi-85 ° C. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-LiFePO4 intywiliselwa kwi-electrolyte ye-LiPF6 ixesha elide, iya kubonisa ukuphinda isebenze. Ngenxa yokuba indlela yokusabela kwi-interface ithatha ixesha elide, akukabikho filim ye-passivation kumphezulu we-LiFePO4 ukuthintela ukusabela ngakumbi nge-electrolyte emva kokuntywiliselwa inyanga enye.
Kwimeko yeshelufu, iimeko zokugcina ezimbi (ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokuhlawula) ziya kwandisa iqondo lokuzikhupha kwibhetri yamandla e-LiFePO4, okwenza ukuba ibhetri iguga ibonakale ngakumbi.
Iibhetri ngokubanzi zikhupha ubushushu ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, ngoko ke impembelelo yobushushu ibalulekile. Ukongeza, iimeko zendlela, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nobushushu be-ambient zonke ziya kuba neziphumo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukulahleka kwee-ion ze-lithium ezisebenzayo ngokubanzi kubangela ukulahleka kwamandla ebhetri yeLiFePO4 ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile. UDubarry et al. wabonisa ukuba ukuguga kweebhetri zamandla e-LiFePO4 ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikili ikakhulu ngenxa yenkqubo yokukhula eyinkimbinkimbi edla ifilimu ye-lithium-ion SEI esebenzayo. Kule nkqubo, ukulahlekelwa kwe-ion ze-lithium esebenzayo kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri; ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwefilimu ye-SEI, kwelinye icala, kubangela ukwanda kokumelana ne-polarization yebhetri. Ngelo xesha, ubukhulu befilimu ye-SEI bukhulu kakhulu, kunye nokusebenza kwe-electrochemical ye-graphite anode. Iza kuvula umsebenzi ngokuyinxenye.
Ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikili eliphezulu, i-Fe2+ kwi-LiFePO4 iya kuchithwa kwinqanaba elithile. Nangona isixa se-Fe2 + esinyibilikisiweyo asinaso impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumthamo we-electrode efanelekileyo, ukuchithwa kwe-Fe2 + kunye nemvula ye-Fe kwi-electrode ye-graphite engathandekiyo kuya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwefilimu ye-SEI. . I-Tan ihlalutye ngokobungakanani apho kwaye i-ion ye-lithium esebenzayo yalahleka kwaye yafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwelahleko ye-lithium ion esebenzayo yenzeke kumphezulu we-electrode yegraphite engalunganga, ngakumbi ngexesha lemijikelezo yobushushu obuphezulu, oko kukuthi, ukulahleka komthamo womjikelo wobushushu obuphezulu. iyakhawuleza, kwaye ishwankathela ifilimu ye-SEI Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zomonakalo kunye nokulungiswa:
Ukongeza ekulahlekeni kwee-ion ze-lithium ezisebenzayo, zombini izinto ezintle kunye nezibi ziya kuhlahloka ngexesha lokuphinda kusetyenziswe. Ukwenzeka kokuqhekeka kwi-electrode ye-LiFePO4 ngexesha lokuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kuya kubangela ukuba i-electrode polarization inyuke kwaye i-conductivity phakathi kwezinto ezisebenzayo kunye ne-agent eqhubayo okanye umqokeleli wangoku uyancipha. I-Nagpure isetyenzisile i-Scanning Extended Resistance Microscopy (SSRM) kwi-semi-quantitatively ukufunda utshintsho lwe-LiFePO4 emva kokuguga kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-coarsening ye-LiFePO4 nanoparticles kunye ne-deposit surface eveliswa yimichiza ethile yeekhemikhali kunye kunye nokukhokelela ekunyuseni kwe-impedance ye-LiFePO4 cathodes. Ukongezelela, ukuncitshiswa kwendawo esebenzayo kunye nokukhutshwa kwee-electrode zegraphite ezibangelwa ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo zegraphite nazo zibhekwa njengesizathu sokuguga kwebhetri. Ukungazinzi kwe-graphite anode kuya kubangela ukungazinzi kwefilimu ye-SEI kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwee-ion ze-lithium ezisebenzayo.
Ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kwebhetri kunokubonelela ngamandla abalulekileyo kwisithuthi sombane; oko kukuthi, ngcono izinga lokusebenza kwebhetri yamandla, ngcono ukukhawulezisa ukusebenza kwemoto yombane. Iziphumo zophando zikaKim et al. ibonise ukuba indlela yokuguga ye-LiFePO4 i-electrode efanelekileyo kunye ne-graphite negative electrode iyahluka: ngokunyuka kwesantya sokukhutshwa, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla e-electrode efanelekileyo kwandisa ngaphezu kwe-electrode engafanelekanga. Ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ebhetri ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikili ephantsi kakhulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwee-ion ze-lithium ezisebenzayo kwi-electrode engalunganga. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ebhetri ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile ephezulu kubangelwa ukunyuka kwe-impedance ye-electrode efanelekileyo.
Nangona ubunzulu bokukhutshwa kwebhetri yamandla ekusetyenzisweni akuyi kuchaphazela ukulahlekelwa kwamandla, kuya kuchaphazela ukulahlekelwa kwayo kwamandla: isantya sokulahlekelwa kwamandla sinyuka ngokunyuka kobunzulu bokukhutshwa. Oku kubangelwa ukunyuka kwe-impedance yefilimu ye-SEI kunye nokunyuka kwe-impedance yebhetri yonke. Inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo. Nangona inxulumene nokulahleka kwe-ion ze-lithium esebenzayo, umda ophezulu wombane wokutshaja awunayo impembelelo ecacileyo ekungaphumeleli kwebhetri, umda ophantsi kakhulu okanye ophezulu kakhulu we-voltage yokutshaja uya kwandisa i-impedance ye-interface ye-LiFePO4 electrode: i-electrode ephantsi ephezulu. Umda wombane awuyi kusebenza kakuhle. Ifilimu ye-passivation yenziwa emhlabeni, kwaye umda wombane ophezulu kakhulu ophezulu uya kubangela ukubola kwe-oxidative ye-electrolyte. Kuya kudala imveliso ene-conductivity ephantsi kumphezulu we-electrode ye-LiFePO4.
Umthamo wokukhutshwa kwebhetri yamandla we-LiFePO4 uya kuhla ngokukhawuleza xa ubushushu buyancipha, ngokukodwa ngenxa yokunciphisa i-ion conductivity kunye nokunyuka kwe-interface impedance. U-Li wafunda i-LiFePO4 i-cathode kunye ne-graphite anode ngokwahlukileyo kwaye wafumanisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zokulawula ezinciphisa ukusebenza kobushushu obuphantsi be-anode kunye ne-anode ziyahluka. Ukuncipha kwe-ionic conductivity ye-LiFePO4 cathode iyona nto iphambili, kwaye ukwanda kwe-impedance ye-interface ye-graphite anode sesona sizathu siphambili.
Ngethuba lokusetyenziswa, ukuthotywa kwe-electrode ye-LiFePO4 kunye ne-graphite anode kunye nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwefilimu ye-SEI kuya kubangela ukungaphumeleli kwebhetri kwiidigri ezihlukeneyo. Ukongezelela, ukongeza kwizinto ezingalawulekiyo ezifana neemeko zendlela kunye nobushushu be-ambient, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwebhetri kubalulekile, kubandakanywa i-voltage yokutshaja efanelekileyo, ubunzulu obufanelekileyo bokukhutshwa, njl.
Ibhetri idla ngokugcwala kakhulu ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Kukho ukukhutshwa okugqithisileyo. Ubushushu obukhutshwe ngexesha lokutshaja kakhulu okanye ukukhupha ngaphezulu kungenzeka ukuba buqokelele ngaphakathi kwebhetri, bunyuse ngakumbi ubushushu bebhetri. Ichaphazela ubomi benkonzo yebhetri kwaye iphakamisa amathuba okuba nomlilo okanye ukuqhuma kwesiphango. Naphantsi kweemeko zokutshaja kunye nokukhupha rhoqo, njengoko inani lemijikelezo linyuka, ukungahambelani kwamandla eeseli enye kwinkqubo yebhetri kuya kwanda. Ibhetri enomthamo ophantsi iya kungena kwinkqubo yokutshaja kunye nokukhupha ngaphezulu.
Nangona i-LiFePO4 inozinzo olungcono kakhulu lwe-thermal xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezilungileyo ze-electrode phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokutshaja, ukutshaja ngokugqithiseleyo kunokubangela iingozi ezingakhuselekanga ekusebenziseni iibhetri zamandla ze-LiFePO4. Kwilizwe eligqithisiweyo, i-solvent kwi-electrolyte ye-organic ixhomekeke kwi-oxidative Decomposition. Phakathi kwezinyibilikisi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, i-ethylene carbonate (EC) iya kukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo i-oxidative Ukubola kumphezulu we-electrode efanelekileyo. Ekubeni amandla okufakwa kwe-lithium (ngokuchasene namandla e-lithium) ye-electrode ye-graphite engafanelekanga ayinzulu, i-lithium precipitation inokwenzeka kakhulu kwi-electrode ye-graphite engalunganga.
Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwebhetri phantsi kweemeko ezigqithisiweyo yisekethe emfutshane yangaphakathi ebangelwa ngamasebe e-lithium crystal abhoboza i-diaphragm. Lu et al. uhlalutye indlela yokungaphumeleli kwe-lithium plating kumphezulu wegraphite ochasayo we-electrode obangelwa kukugcwala. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ulwakhiwo olupheleleyo lwe-electrode yegraphite engalunganga ayitshintshanga, kodwa kukho amasebe e-lithium crystal kunye nefilimu yomhlaba. Ukusabela kwe-lithium kunye ne-electrolyte kubangela ukuba ifilimu yomhlaba inyuke ngokuqhubekayo, edla i-lithium esebenzayo kwaye ibangele ukuba i-lithium isasazeke kwi-graphite. I-electrode engalunganga iba nzima ngakumbi, eya kuqhubela phambili ukukhuthaza ukubekwa kwe-lithium kumphezulu we-electrode engalunganga, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni ngakumbi umthamo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-coulombic.
Ukongezelela, ukungcola kwesinyithi (ingakumbi i-Fe) ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekwa njengenye yezizathu eziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwebhetri. Xu et al. wafunda ngokucwangcisiweyo indlela yokungaphumeleli kweebhetri zamandla e-LiFePO4 phantsi kweemeko zokugqithiswa. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-redox ye-Fe ngexesha lokugqithiswa / ukukhutshwa komjikelo kunokwenzeka ngokwethiyori, kwaye indlela yokusabela inikwe. Xa i-overcharge isenzeka, i-Fe iqala i-oxidized ukuya kwi-Fe2 +, i-Fe2 + iyancipha ngakumbi kwi-Fe3 +, kwaye emva koko i-Fe2 + kunye ne-Fe3 + zikhutshwe kwi-electrode efanelekileyo. Elinye icala lisasazeka kwicala elibi le-electrode, i-Fe3 + ekugqibeleni iyancitshiswa ibe yi-Fe2 +, kwaye i-Fe2 + iyancitshiswa ngakumbi ibe yi-Fe; xa umjikelo we-overcharge / discharge, amasebe e-Fe crystal aya kuqala kwi-electrode elungileyo kunye nengalunganga ngaxeshanye, ukugqobhoza isahluli ukwenza iibhulorho ze-Fe, okukhokelela kwibhetri encinci Isekethe emfutshane, into ebonakalayo ehamba nebhetri encinci yesekethe eqhubekayo. ukwanda kobushushu emva kokutshaja.
Ngexesha lokugqithiswa, amandla e-electrode engalunganga aya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza. Ukunyuka okunokwenzeka kuya kutshabalalisa ifilimu ye-SEI kumphezulu we-electrode engafanelekanga (inxalenye ecebileyo kwiikhompawundi ze-inorganic kwifilimu ye-SEI inokwenzeka ukuba ibe yi-oxidized), eya kubangela ukubola okongeziweyo kwe-electrolyte, okukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, umqokeleli wangoku ongalunganga weCu foil uya kuba oxidized. Kwifilimu ye-SEI ye-electrode engalunganga, uYang et al. yabhaqa i-Cu2O, imveliso ye-oxidation ye-Cu foil, eya kwandisa ukuxhathisa kwangaphakathi kwebhetri kwaye ibangele ukulahlekelwa kwamandla enkanyamba.
Yena et al. wafunda inkqubo yokukhupha ngaphezulu kwe-LiFePO4 iibhetri zamandla ngokweenkcukacha. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba umqokeleli wangoku ongalunganga we-Cu foil unokuxutywa kwi-Cu + ngexesha lokukhupha ngaphezulu, kwaye i-Cu + iphinde ifakwe kwi-Cu2 +, emva koko isasazeke kwi-electrode efanelekileyo. Ukusabela kokunciphisa kunokwenzeka kwi-electrode efanelekileyo. Ngale ndlela, iya kwenza amasebe e-crystal kwicala elihle le-electrode, ibhoboze isahluli kwaye ibangele i-micro short circuit ngaphakathi kwebhetri. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokukhutshwa ngokugqithiseleyo, ukushisa kwebhetri kuya kuqhubeka nokunyuka.
Ukugqithiswa kwebhetri yamandla e-LiFePO4 kunokubangela ukubola kwe-electrolyte oxidative, i-lithium evolution, kunye nokwakhiwa kwamasebe e-Fe crystal; ukukhutshwa ngokugqithisileyo kunokubangela umonakalo we-SEI, kubangele ukuthotywa kwamandla, i-Cu foil oxidation, kunye nenkangeleko ye-Cu crystal amasebe.
Ngenxa ye-conductivity ephantsi ye-LiFePO4, i-morphology kunye nobukhulu bezinto ngokwazo kunye nemiphumo ye-conductive agents kunye nezibophelelo zibonakaliswa lula. Gaberscek et al. kuxoxwe ngezinto ezimbini eziphikisanayo zobukhulu kunye ne-carbon coating kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-electrode impedance ye-LiFePO4 ihambelana kuphela nomlinganiselo we-particle size. Iziphene ezichasene ne-site kwi-LiFePO4 (i-Fe ithatha indawo ye-Li) iya kuba nefuthe elithile ekusebenzeni kwebhetri: ngenxa yokuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-lithium ion ngaphakathi kwe-LiFePO4 yinto enye-dimensional, esi siphene siya kuthintela unxibelelwano lwe-lithium ions; ngenxa yokuqaliswa kweendawo eziphezulu ze-valence Ngenxa yokongezwa kwe-electrostatic repulsion, esi siphene sinokubangela ukungazinzi kwesakhiwo se-LiFePO4.
Iinqununu ezinkulu ze-LiFePO4 azikwazi ukuvuyiswa ngokupheleleyo ekupheleni kokutshaja; i-nano-structured LiFePO4 inokunciphisa i-inversion defects, kodwa amandla ayo aphezulu aphezulu aya kubangela ukuzikhupha. I-PVDF sesona sibophelelo sixhaphakileyo sisetyenziswayo ngoku, esineziphene ezifana nokusabela kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, ukunyibilika kwi-electrolyte engekho emanzini, kunye nokungaguquguquki okwaneleyo. Inempembelelo ethile ekulahlekeni kwamandla kunye nobomi bomjikelezo weLiFePO4. Ukongezelela, umqokeleli wangoku, i-diaphragm, ukubunjwa kwe-electrolyte, inkqubo yokuvelisa, izinto zomntu, ukunyakaza kwangaphandle, ukutshitshiswa, njl., Kuya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwebhetri kwiidigri ezahlukeneyo.
Isalathiso: UMiao Meng et al. "Inkqubela phambili yoPhando malunga nokungaphumeleli kweebhetri zeLithium Iron Phosphate Power."
phendula kwiiyure ezi-6, nayiphi na imibuzo yamkelekile!
