Umzi-mveliso webhetri waseYurophu: Ishumi leminyaka lokuNcipha kunye neNdlela eya ekuVuselelweni

"Imoto yasungulwa eYurophu, kwaye ndiyakholelwa ukuba kufuneka iguqulwe apha." - La mazwi avela ku-Maroš Šefčovič, usopolitiki waseSlovak kunye no-Vice-President we-European Commission ojongene ne-Energy Union, ubonisa uluvo olubalulekileyo kwi-European industry landscape.

Ukuba iibhetri zaseYurophu zikhe zifezekise ubunkokeli behlabathi, igama lika-Šefčovič ngokungathandabuzekiyo liya kubhalwa kwimbali. Ukhokele ukusekwa kwe-European Battery Alliance (EBA), eqalisa uhlaziyo lwecandelo lebhetri lamandla laseYurophu.

Kwi-2017, kwingqungquthela yaseBrussels malunga nophuhliso loshishino lwebhetri, u-Šefčovič ucebise ukusekwa kwe-EBA, inyathelo eliye ladibanisa amandla kunye nokuzimisela kwe-EU.

"Kutheni i-2017 ibalulekileyo? Kutheni ukuseka i-EBA kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-EU?" Impendulo ilele kwisivakalisi sokuqala kweli nqaku: IYurophu ayifuni ukuphulukana nentengiso yezithuthi zamandla entsha "enengeniso".

Ngo-2017, ababoneleli bebhetri abathathu behlabathi be-BYD, i-Panasonic yaseJapan, kunye ne-CATL evela e-China-zonke iinkampani zase-Asia. Uxinzelelo olukhulu oluvela kubavelisi baseAsia bashiya iYurophu ijongene nemeko embi kwishishini lebhetri, kungekho nto inokuzibonisa yona.

Umzi-mveliso weemoto, owazalelwa eYurophu, wawukwindawo apho ukungasebenzi kwakuthetha ukuba izitrato zehlabathi zilawulwe zizithuthi ezingadityaniswanga eYurophu.

Le ngxaki yayiphawuleka ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa indima yobuvulindlela eYurophu kushishino lweemoto. Nangona kunjalo, ummandla wazifumana usemva kakhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kweebhetri zamandla.

Ubuzaza Bengxaki

Ngo-2008, xa imbono yamandla amatsha yaqala ukuvela, kwaye malunga ne-2014, xa iimoto zamandla amatsha zaqala "ukuqhuma" kwazo kokuqala, iYurophu yayiphantse ingekho ngokupheleleyo kwindawo.

Ngo-2015, ukongamela kweenkampani zaseTshayina, zaseJapan, naseKorea kwimarike yebhetri yamandla ehlabathi kwabonakala. Ngo-2016, ezi nkampani zase-Asia bezikwindawo ezilishumi eziphezulu kuluhlu lweshishini lebhetri yamandla ehlabathi.

Ukusukela ngo-2022, ngokutsho kwefem yophando lwemakethi yaseMzantsi Korea i-SNE Research, ezintandathu kwezilishumi eziphezulu iinkampani zebhetri zamandla ehlabathi bezivela e-China, zibambe i-60.4% yesabelo semarike yehlabathi. Amashishini ebhetri yamandla eSouth Korea LG Amandla amatsha, iSK On, kunye neSamsung SDI zibalelwe kwi-23.7%, iPanasonic yaseJapan ikwindawo yesine kwi7.3%.

Kwiinyanga ezilithoba zokuqala zika-2023, iinkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu zokufakela ibhetri zamandla zehlabathi bezilawulwa yiTshayina, iJapan, neKorea, kungekho nkampani zaseYurophu zibonakalayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-90% yemarike yebhetri yamandla yehlabathi yahlulwe phakathi kwala mazwe mathathu ase-Asia.

IYurophu kuye kwafuneka ukuba ivume ukusilela kwayo kuphando lwebhetri yamandla kunye nemveliso, indawo eyayikhe yakhokela.

Ukuwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngasemva

Ubuchule obutsha kunye nokuphumelela kwitekhnoloji yebhetri ye-lithium ihlala ivela kwiiyunivesithi zaseNtshona nakumaziko ophando. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, amazwe aseNtshona aye akhokela igagasi lokuqala lophando kunye noshishino lwezithuthi zamandla amatsha.

IYurophu yayiphakathi kweyokuqala ukuphonononga imigaqo-nkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nezithuthi ezikhutshwa kancinci, ukwazisa imigangatho yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yeemoto kwangoko ngo-1998.

Ngaphandle kokuba yayiphambili kwiingcamango ezintsha zamandla, iYurophu iye yaqhwalela kushishino lweebhetri zombane, ngoku ezilawulwa yiTshayina, iJapan neKorea. Umbuzo uvela: kutheni iYurophu yawa ngasemva kwishishini lebhetri ye-lithium, nangona iteknoloji kunye neenzuzo zayo ezinkulu?

Amathuba Alahlekileyo

Ngaphambi kwe-2007, abavelisi beemoto eziqhelekileyo zaseNtshonalanga abazange bavume ubugcisa kunye norhwebo olusebenzayo lwezithuthi zombane ze-lithium-ion. Abavelisi baseYurophu, bekhokelwa yiJamani, bagxile ekwandiseni iinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, ezinjengeenjini zedizili ezifanelekileyo kunye netekhnoloji yokutshaja.

Oku kuthembela ngokugqithisileyo kwindlela yesithuthi samafutha kwakhokelela iYurophu phantsi kwindlela yobugcisa engalunganga, okubangele ukungabikho kwayo kwintsimi yebhetri yamandla.

IMakethi kunye noTshintsho lweNtshukumo

Ngo-2008, xa urhulumente wase-US etshintshe isicwangciso sakhe sesithuthi sombane samandla ombane ukusuka kwi-hydrogen kunye neeseli ze-fuel ukuya kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion, i-EU, echatshazelwa yile ntshukumo, ibone ukwanda kotyalo-mali kwimveliso yebhetri ye-lithium kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwamashishini anjalo, kubandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi kweBosch yaseJamani kunye ne-Samsung SDI yase-Korea yase-Korea, ekugqibeleni basilela.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe aseMpuma Asia anjengeTshayina, iJapan, neKorea ayephuhla ngokukhawuleza amashishini awo ebhetri. Ngokomzekelo, i-Panasonic, yayigxininise kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion kwiimoto zombane ukususela kwi-1990s, ukusebenzisana noTesla kunye nokuba ngumdlali omkhulu kwimarike.

Imingeni yaseYurophu yangoku

Namhlanje, ishishini lebhetri lamandla laseYurophu lijongene nezinto ezininzi ezingalunganga, kubandakanya ukunqongophala kobonelelo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada. Imithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo yelizwekazi ithintela imigodi ye-lithium, kwaye izibonelelo ze-lithium zinqabile. Ngenxa yoko, iYurophu ibambekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo okumba imigodi phesheya kolwandle xa kuthelekiswa nabalingane bayo baseAsia.

Ugqatso lokubamba

Ngaphandle kobukho beenkampani zaseAsia kwimarike yeebhetri zehlabathi, iYurophu yenza iinzame ezihlangeneyo zokuvuselela ishishini layo lebhetri. I-European Battery Alliance (EBA) yasekwa ukunyusa imveliso yasekhaya, kwaye i-EU iphumeze imigaqo emitsha yokuxhasa abavelisi beebhetri basekhaya.

Abavelisi bezeNtu kwiFray

Izigebenga zeemoto zaseYurophu ezifana neVolkswagen, BMW, kunye neMercedes-Benz zityala imali eninzi kuphando lwebhetri kunye nemveliso, ziseka izityalo zabo zokuvelisa iiseli kunye nezicwangciso zebhetri.

Indlela ende ePhambili

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili, icandelo lebhetri lamandla laseYurophu lisenendlela ende ekufuneka lihambe ngayo. Eli shishini lifuna abasebenzi abaninzi kwaye lifuna imali eninzi kunye notyalo-mali lobuchwepheshe. Iindleko eziphezulu zabasebenzi zaseYurophu kunye nokunqongophala kothungelwano olupheleleyo lokubonelela kubeka imicelimngeni emikhulu.

Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe ase-Asia azenzele inzuzo ekhuphisanayo kwimveliso yebhetri yamandla, ezuza kwi-investment investments kwi-teknoloji ye-lithium-ion kunye neendleko eziphantsi zabasebenzi.

isiphelo

Umnqweno weYurophu wokuvuselela ishishini lebhetri lamandla ujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ngelixa kukho amalinge kunye notyalo-mali olukhoyo, ukwaphula ulawulo "kwesithathu esikhulu" - iChina, iJapan, neKorea - kwimarike yehlabathi kuhlala kungumngeni omkhulu.